1. Arthrology SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu

2. Classification two major types Continuous joints Discontinuous joints synovial joints

3. Continuous joints Fibrous joints  Syndesmosis  Suture Cartilaginous joints  Synchondrosis  Symphysis Synosteosis

4. Synovial Joints Basic structures Articular surface covered by articular cartilage Articular capsule  Fibrous membrane  Synovial membrane Articular cavity  Containing a trace of synovial fluid  Subatmospheric pressure in it

5. Synovial Joints Accessory structures Ligaments (lig.)  Extracapsular ligaments  intracapsular ligaments Articular disc and articular labrum Synovial fold and synovial bursa

6. Joint Movement Terminology Translation Flexion and extension Adduction and abduction Rotation  Medial and lateral rotation  Pronation ans supination  Inversion and eversion Circumduction

7. flexion\ extension

8. adduction\ abduction

9. Rotation Bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis  medial rotation is turning of anterior surface in towards the midline  lateral rotation is turning of anterior surface away from the midline Pronation Supination Inversion Eversion

10. Circumduction Movement of a distal end of a body part in a circle Combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction Occurs at ball and socket, saddle and condyloid joints

11. Classification of synovial joints 1. Uniaxial joints  hinge joints cylindrical end of 1 bone fits into trough shape of other angular movement-1 plane (eg) elbow, ankle, interphalangal  trochoid (pivot) joints round end fits into ring of bone + ligament rotation on long axis (eg) prox. radius/ulna, atlas/dens

12. Classification of synovial joints 2. Biaxial joints  ellipsoid joints egg-shape articular surface + oval concavity side-to-side, back+forth movement (eg) metacarpophalangeal (knuckle)  saddle joints articular surface both concave + convex side-to-side, back-forth movement (eg) carpometacarpal jt of thumb

13. Classification of synovial joints 3. Multiaxial joints :  ball-and-socket joint spherical head + round socket multiaxial movement(eg) shoulder, femur  plane joints articular surface in flat plane Short gliding movement (eg) intertarsal, articular processes of vertebrae

14. Sprains Torn or stretched ligaments. Spine, ankle & knee are common sites. Completely torn ligaments must be repaired. Edema associated with injury can further degrade the ligament.

15. Dislocations

16. Arthritis

17. Joints of Bones of Trunk Vertebral column consists of 24 vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx.

18. Joints of the vertebral bodies Intervertebral discs Lie between bodies of adjacent vertebrae, composed of: Nucleus pulposus an inner soft, pulpy, highly elastic structure (gelatinous core ) Annulus fibrosus an outer fibrous ring consisting of fibrocartilage

19. Joints of the vertebral bodies Anterior longitudinal ligament Strong band covering the anterior part of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs running from the anterior margin of foramen magnum to the S1~S2 Maintains stability of the intervertebral disc and prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column

20. Joints of the vertebral bodies Posterior longitudinal ligament Attached to the posterior aspect of the intervertebral discs and posterior edges of the vertebral bodies from C2 vertebra to sacrum Prevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column and posterior protrusion of the discs

21. Hemination of nucleus pulposus

22. Joints of the vertebral arches Ligamenta flava ― elastic ligament, unite laminae of adjacent vertebrae, and complete the posterior wall of vertebral canal; tend to prevent hyperflexion of the vertebral column Interspinal ligament Supraspinal ligament Ligamentum nuchae Intertansverse ligament Zygapophysial joint

23. Atlantooccipital joint Between superior articulating surfaces of atlas and occipital condyles Supported by membrances and ligaments that join occipital bone and atlas Action ― nodding of head, lateral tilting of head

24. Atlantoaxial joint Three synovial joints between atlas and axis  Laterally, paired joints between articulating facets  Median joint between dens of axis and anterior arch of atlas Supported by ligaments  apical ligament of dens  alar ligament  transverse ligament of atlas  tectorial membrane Action ― allow atlas (and head) to pivot on the axis and vertebral column

25. The vertebral column as a whole Anterior aspect: the breadth of vertebral bodies increases from C2 to S2, then diminishes rapidly Dorsal aspect:  the spinous processes of cervical vertebrae are short and bifid;  the spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae are long, point obliquely downward and overlapped each other;  the spinous processes of lumber vertebrae are nearly horizontally. Lateral aspect: shows four physiological curves

26. The vertebral column as a whole Four physiological curves Cervical curvature Thoracic curvature Lumbar curvature Sacral curvature convex forward convex backward

27. The vertebral column as a whole

29. Movement of the vertebral column flexion extension lateral flexion rotation

30. Lateral radiograph of the neck. The cervical curve of the vertebral column is well shown.

31. Sagittal MRI of thoracolumbosacral spine. Sagittal MRI of cervicothoracic spine.

32. Spina bifida cystica

33. Thoracic cage Composition twelve thoracic vertebrae twelve pairs of ribs and costal cartilages sternum

34. Thoracic cage Costovertebral joints  Joints of costal head  Costotransverse joints Sternocostal joints  Sternocostal synchondrosis of first rib  Sternocostal joints  Interchondral joints between costal cartilages 8, 9, and 10 to form the costal arch

35. General features of thoracic cage Roughly cone-shape, narrow above and broad below, flattened from before- backwards, longer behind than in front Inlet of thorax : bounded by upper border of manubrium, first rib, and vertebra T1 Outlet of thorax : bounded by vertebra T12, 12th and 11th ribs, costal arch and xiphoid process Infrasternal angle : formed by the costal arch of both side Intercostal spaces : lie between the ribs

36. Thoracic cage Function:  protects the organs in the thoracic cavity and upper abdominal cavity  plays a vital role in the process of breathing Inspiration Expiration

38. Joints of skull Continuous joints: Sutures Synchondrosis or synosteosis Temporomandibular joint

39. Aticulating surfaces  Mandibular fossa and articular tubercle, above  Head of mandibule, below Capsule:  thin and lax in front and behind;  strengthened by the lateral ligament Articular disc:  separates surfaces  forming upper and lower compartments within joint Movement:  mandible may be elevated or depressed  protruded or retracted  rotation may also occurs as in chewing( a slight amount of side to side movement is also permitted)