1. Biology Unit Exam Review

2. Microscope Total Magnification= eyepiece X objective 1. 10 X 40= 400 2. High Power

3. Key Terms for Microscope 3. Magnification: see first slide for total magnification 4. Resolution: show two points that are close together as separate images 5. Slide moves to left, image appears to move to the right

4. Parts of the Microscope 1. Ocular/Eyepiece 2. Fine Adjustment Knob 3. Objective Lenses 4. Diaphragm 5. Base 6. Light Source 7. Stage 8. Arm

5. Fine vs Coarse Adjustment 7. Course Adjustment Knob- moves lenses 7. Course Adjustment Knob- moves lenses 8. Course- low power 8. Course- low power Fine- High Power Fine- High Power

6. MAKE SURE THAT YOU KNOW THE DIAGRAM OF THE MICROSCOPE AND THE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE

7. Scientific Method

8. Steps of Sci Method: ProblemHypothesis Testing Hypothesis (procedure) Record Data (# or details) Analyze and Form Conclusions Replicate Work

9. Variables Controlled Experiment: Two groups differ by one factor; control is present Control vs Experimental Group: Experimental group has something changed (i.e. amount of light, etc)

10. Variables Independent Variables: Changed by scientist to see what happens Dependent Variable: Changes in response to the change the scientist makes to the independent variable.

11. Determine the Different Variables Does fertilizer make a plant grow? Does fertilizer make a plant grow? Two spider plants are placed in separate pots. One plant is given fertilizer and the other plant is not. Both plants are measured daily. Two spider plants are placed in separate pots. One plant is given fertilizer and the other plant is not. Both plants are measured daily. Identify Independent, Dependent, and control group Identify Independent, Dependent, and control group

12. Answers INDEPENDENT: Amount of fertilizer INDEPENDENT: Amount of fertilizer DEPENDENT: Growth of plant DEPENDENT: Growth of plant CONTROLLED: Plant not receiving fertilizer CONTROLLED: Plant not receiving fertilizer

13. Chemistry

14. Atomic Number, Atomic Mass Atomic #: # of protons in the nucleus Atomic Mass: sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

15. Example: Oxygen Atomic #: 8 Atomic Mass: 16 Determine the # of protons, neutrons, and electrons

16. ANSWER Protons: 8 Protons: 8 Electrons: 8 Electrons: 8 Neutrons: 16-8= 8 Neutrons: 16-8= 8

17. Charges Protons: + Electons: - Neutrons: neutral

18. Neutral Atom Neutral atom has no charge; so number of protons and electrons would be equal

19. Ions Charged atom Charged atom Charge can be either positive or negative…how does this form? Charge can be either positive or negative…how does this form?

20. ANSWER Positive Ion: excess positive charge ( more protons) Positive Ion: excess positive charge ( more protons) Negative Ion: excess negative charge (more electrons) Negative Ion: excess negative charge (more electrons)

21. Positive or Negative Ion? Isotope of potassium has 19 protons and 21 electrons. What is its charge?

22. ANSWER NEGATIVE NEGATIVE

23. Covalent Bonds Bond formed by sharing electrons

24. Ionic Bond Bond that forms by transferring the electrons; can create an electrical attraction

25. Elements, Compound, Mixture Elements: substance made up of one kind of atom (i.e. oxygen) Compound: made up of two or more elements (i.e. water) Mixture: substances that are mixed without forming a new chemical bond (i.e. saltwater)

26. 2H 2 O + O 2 ---2H 2 O 2 Atoms= hydrogen, oxygen Reactants: 2H 2 O + O 2 Products: 2H 2 O 2 Atoms: 8 Hydrogen, 8 Oxygen

27. Chemical Formula Tells you the type and amount of atoms EX: H 2 SO 4 2 hydrogen, 1 sulfur, and 4 oxygen

28. H 2 SO 4 Atoms: Hydrogen, Sulfur, Oxygen Atoms: Hydrogen, Sulfur, Oxygen H= 2 H= 2 S=1 S=1 O=4 O=4

29. pH Scale pH runs from 1-14 pH runs from 1-14 7 is neutral 7 is neutral Below 7  acidic (with 1 being more acidic) Below 7  acidic (with 1 being more acidic) Above 7  basic with 14 being most basic Above 7  basic with 14 being most basic

30. Neutralization Reaction Reaction that occurs when acids and bases are combined to form water and salt Reaction that occurs when acids and bases are combined to form water and salt EX: NaOH + HCl----NaCl + H2O EX: NaOH + HCl----NaCl + H2O

31. Solution & Its Parts Substances are spread evenly throughout the mixture Substances are spread evenly throughout the mixture EX: Air- comprised of N, O, CO2 EX: Air- comprised of N, O, CO2 Two parts: Two parts: a. Solvent: substance that a solute is dissolved in b. Solutes: substance that is dissolved in a solvent

32. Biochemistry

33. Organic Compounds Compounds that contain carbon and occur naturally only in the bodies and products of an organism Compounds that contain carbon and occur naturally only in the bodies and products of an organism

34. Monomer vs. Polymer Monomer- 1 sugar Monomer- 1 sugar Polymer- 2+ sugars; can contain 100 or 1000 sugars Polymer- 2+ sugars; can contain 100 or 1000 sugars

35. Macromolecule Another name given to organic compound because they are very large compounds Another name given to organic compound because they are very large compounds

36. Monomers Carbs: sugar Carbs: sugar Proteins: amino acids Proteins: amino acids Nucleic Acid: nucleotide Nucleic Acid: nucleotide Skip question #6 Skip question #6

37. Examples of Carbohydrates Anything that ends with –ose (maltose, fructose, glucose) Anything that ends with –ose (maltose, fructose, glucose)

38. Examples: Lipids Lipids Fats, oils, waxes Fats, oils, waxes Proteins Proteins Enzymes Enzymes Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids DNA, RNA DNA, RNA

39. Classify: A. carb A. carb B. carb B. carb C. Lipids C. Lipids D. Lipids D. Lipids E. Lipids E. Lipids F. Nucleic Acids F. Nucleic Acids G. Nucleic Acids G. Nucleic Acids H. Proteins H. Proteins I-K. Carb I-K. Carb Disaccaharide: Disaccaharide: 2 sugars (maltose) Polypeptide: Polypeptide: 2+ amino acids connected by peptide bonds

40. Polar vs. Nonpolar Water is polar Water is polar Polar molecule: a molecule that has a partial positive and partial negative charge Polar molecule: a molecule that has a partial positive and partial negative charge Only polar substances will dissolve in water; non polar will not. Only polar substances will dissolve in water; non polar will not.

41. Enzymes 12/13. Proteins that are necessary for life 14. It is a catalyst, which causes a reaction to occur 15.pH, temperature affect enzymes 16. Substance that is broken down by enzyme 17. Area where substrate binds

42. The Cell: Make sure you know the diagrams on plant and animal cells

43. Cell Theory 1. All living things are composed of one or more cells 1. All living things are composed of one or more cells 2. Cells are organisms’ basic units of structure and function 2. Cells are organisms’ basic units of structure and function 3. Cells come only from existing cells 3. Cells come only from existing cells

44. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotes: Lack any internal membrane bound structures (most organelles) and nucleus Prokaryotes: Lack any internal membrane bound structures (most organelles) and nucleus Ex: bacteria Ex: bacteria Eukaryotes: have nucleus; plants & animals Eukaryotes: have nucleus; plants & animals

45. Cell Membrane Also called Plasma Membrane Also called Plasma Membrane Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes Plants & Animals Plants & Animals Function: controls what enter and leaves the cell Function: controls what enter and leaves the cell

46. Cell Wall Found in bacteria and plants Found in bacteria and plants Made of cellulose Made of cellulose Function: gives cells its shape and protection Function: gives cells its shape and protection

47. Nucleus & Nuclear Envelope Only in eukaryotes Only in eukaryotes Function: Control center for metabolism and reproduction Function: Control center for metabolism and reproduction Surrounded by a nuclear envelope that is selectively permeable Surrounded by a nuclear envelope that is selectively permeable

48. Nucleolus Eukaryotes Eukaryotes Function: makes ribosomes Function: makes ribosomes

49. Cytoplasm Eukaryotes & Prokaryotes Eukaryotes & Prokaryotes Jelly-like substance in between cell membrane and nucleus Jelly-like substance in between cell membrane and nucleus Function: metabolism; holds organelles in place Function: metabolism; holds organelles in place

50. Endoplasmic Reticulum Eukaryotes Eukaryotes Function: highway of cell; moves material from one end to the next Function: highway of cell; moves material from one end to the next

51. Two Types: Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): ribosomes attached Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): ribosomes attached Smooth ER: no ribosomes Smooth ER: no ribosomes

52. Ribosomes Eukaryotes Eukaryotes Function: makes proteins Function: makes proteins

53. Golgi Complex Eukaryotes Eukaryotes Flattened stack of pancakes Flattened stack of pancakes Modify and transport proteins to parts of the cell Modify and transport proteins to parts of the cell

54. Lysosomes Eukaryotes Eukaryotes Garbage disposal; break down food or bacteria Garbage disposal; break down food or bacteria

55. Mitochondria Eukaryotes Eukaryotes Powerhouse of cell Powerhouse of cell Produces energy for the cell Produces energy for the cell

56. Vacuoles Plants: one large Plants: one large Animals: several small that digest food or remove excess water (similar to sponge) Animals: several small that digest food or remove excess water (similar to sponge)

57. Cilia & Flagella Involved in cell movement Involved in cell movement Cilia: usually in animals Cilia: usually in animals Flagella: usually one whip like structure found in unicellar organisms Flagella: usually one whip like structure found in unicellar organisms

58. Microtubules & Microfilaments Involved in cell movement and shape Involved in cell movement and shape Forms the cell’s cytoskeleton Forms the cell’s cytoskeleton Eukaryotes Eukaryotes

59. Centrioles Involved in cell division Involved in cell division Animals only Animals only

60. Plastids Plants only Plants only Two types: Two types: 1. Leucoplasts: starch storage 2. Chromoplasts: pigments for color

61. Choloroplast Type of chromoplast Type of chromoplast Contains chlorophyll; site for photosynthesis Contains chlorophyll; site for photosynthesis Plants only Plants only

62. Phospholipid Bilayer

63. Selectively Permeable Only allows certain things to enter or exit Only allows certain things to enter or exit EX: Cell Membrane EX: Cell Membrane

64. Organization Cell Cell Tissue Tissue Organ (stomach, pancreas, liver) Organ (stomach, pancreas, liver) Organ System (respiratory, circulatory) Organ System (respiratory, circulatory) Organism (human, dog, cat) Organism (human, dog, cat)

65. Tissue vs. Organ Tissue: group of cells that serve the same function Tissue: group of cells that serve the same function Organ: group of tissues that serve the same function Organ: group of tissues that serve the same function

66. Cell Transport

67. Active vs. Passive Active Active Energy Required Energy Required Moves from low concentration to high concentration Moves from low concentration to high concentration Passive Passive No energy required Moves from high concentration to low concentration

68. Diffusion Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration Passive Transport Passive Transport

69. Diffusion

70. Concentration Gradient Occurs when there is a difference between high and low concentration Occurs when there is a difference between high and low concentration

71. Equilibrium Same amount is inside and outside the cell Same amount is inside and outside the cell

72. Osmosis Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration Passive Passive

73. Plasmolysis vs. Cytolysis Plasmolysis: shrinking of cytoplasm (result of hypertonic solution) Cytolysis: cell explodes due to hypotonic solution

74. Turgor Pressue Increase of pressure in a plant due to water entering the cell via osmosis Increase of pressure in a plant due to water entering the cell via osmosis Plant cell will not explode because of cell wall Plant cell will not explode because of cell wall Greatest pressure in pure water Greatest pressure in pure water

75. Facilitated Diffusion Special transport proteins transport substance into or out of cell Special transport proteins transport substance into or out of cell Same as diffusion- movement from high to low concentration Same as diffusion- movement from high to low concentration

76. Endocytosis Transporting material into cell by vesicle Transporting material into cell by vesicleEX: Pinocytosis: small liquids are taken into cell by vesicle Pinocytosis: small liquids are taken into cell by vesicle Phagocytosis: solid particles ingested into cell by vesicles Phagocytosis: solid particles ingested into cell by vesicles

77. Exocytosis Transporting material out of cell by vesicle Transporting material out of cell by vesicle

78. Type of Solution Where is there more solute Where is there more solvent (water) What direction does water move What happens to the cell HypotonicInside cellOutside cellInsideCytolysis (explode) HypertonicOutside cellInside cellOutsidePlasmolysis (shrink) IsotonicEqual ConstantNothin

79. Let’s Do Examples Look at the examples on the board and determine which way the water will move and what will happen to the cell. Look at the examples on the board and determine which way the water will move and what will happen to the cell.