2. Objectives: I CAN… □Sequence the events of the cell cycle □Relate the function of a cell to its organization into tissues, organs, and organ systems

3. Essential Question: Why do cells need to divide?

4. RECALL……… WHAT ARE THE THREE PARTS OF THE CELL THEORY??? ALL CELLS COME FROM PREEXISTING CELLS

5. Examples of Cell Division– cells on the bottom of feet and back of hands

6. Examples of Cell Division– cuts and bruises healing

7. Examples of Cell Division– ivy vine growing

8. What happens to cells if they become too big? What process do cells have to limit their growth? A cell’s size can slow the rate of diffusion A cell’s volume increases too fast for the surface area There is not enough DNA to support the protein needs of the cell Cell’s divide to limit their growth

9. During cell division _________________ cells are produced from ______________ cell. The _________ cells are ________________ to the orginal cell. new one two identical

10. What appears in the nucleus before the cells divide? What are they made of? Several short, stringy structure appear Structures are called chromosomes made of DNA

11. What do chromosomes do? Contain DNA. Carries of genetic material Copied and passed from generation to generation

12. THE CELL CYCLE INTERPHASEMITOSIS 1.Cell grows in size 2.Carries on metabolism 3.Duplicates chromosomes 4.Prepares for division 1.Follows interphase 2.Process of nuclear division 3.2 daughter cells form 4.Daughter cells identical to parent cell

14. 1. PROPHASE 2. METAPHASE 3. ANAPHASE 4. TELOPHASE

16. New cells are produced from one cell Results in two identical cells CELL DIVISION Take Notes! Topic: Cell Reproduction

17. Contain DNA, the genetic material Accurate transmission of chromosomes during cell division is critical. CHROMOSOMES Take Notes! Topic: Cell Reproduction 4th

18. Chromosome Supercoil within chromosome Continued coiling within supercoil Histone H1 DNA STRUCTURE OF EUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOMES

19. The cell cycle is the sequence of growth and division of a cell. THE CELL CYCLE

20. Sequence of growth and division in the cell Has three phases: Interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. CELL CYCLE Take Notes! Topic: Cell Reproduction

21. THE CELL CYCLE The majority of a cell’s life is spent in the growth period known as interphase. Interphase

22. \ Interphase, the busiest phase of the cell cycle, is divided into three parts. DNA synthesis and replication Centrioles replicate; cell prepares for division Rapid growth and metabolic activity INTERPHASE

23. Part 1: cell grows and proteins are produced Rapid growth and metabolic activity INTERPHASE

24. Part 2: cell copies its chromosomes DNA synthesis and replication INTERPHASE

25. Part 3: cell enters another shorter growth period mitochondria and other organelles are manufactured and cell parts needed for cell division are assembled. Centrioles replicate; cell prepares for division INTERPHASE

26. Cell growth phase Cell: increases in size carries on metabolism duplicates chromosomes prior to division INTERPHASE Take Notes! Topic: Cell Reproduction

27. Following interphase, a cell enters its period of nuclear division called mitosis. Mitosis THE CELL CYCLE

28. Day 2

29. Objectives: I CAN… □Sequence the events of the cell cycle □Relate the function of a cell to its organization into tissues, organs, and organ systems

30. Mitosis If these cells are part of the same plant, why do they all look a little different?

31. If the amazing process shown here did NOT happen, we wouldn’t be alive! Mitosis Goal: When I show this slide at the end of the day, you should be able to tell me the name of this phase of mitosis! If you all can do it— we’ll have a raffle!

34. A chromosome is made of chromatin… which is made of DNA! Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA Phosphate Sugar Base

35. How is a chromosome formed?

36. nucleus chromosome Chromatin Cell cycle

37. Chromatin Chromosome

38. Chromosomes duplicate!

39. How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have? How many total chromosomes do humans have? 23 46

41. nucleus chromosome Chromatin Cell cycle 23 46

42. Chromosome numbers Each type of eukaryote has a characteristic number of chromosomes in the nucleus of each cell. Examples: Humans- 46 Dog- 78 Potato plant- 48 Cat- 38 Housefly- 12 Fungus- 8

43. nucleus chromosome Chromatin Cell cycle 23 46 growth division interphase 20

44. THE PHASES OF MITOSIS 8th

45. Section 8.2 Summary – pages 201 - 210 During prophase, the chromatin coils to form visible chromosomes. Spindle fibers Disappearing nuclear envelope Doubled chromosome PHASES OF MITOSIS: PROPHASE

46. Section 8.2 Summary – pages 201 - 210 The two halves of the doubled structure are called sister chromatids. Sister chromatids PHASES OF MITOSIS: PROPHASE

47. Section 8.2 Summary – pages 201 - 210 Sister chromatids are held together by a structure called a centromere, which plays a role in chromosome movement during mitosis. Centromere PHASES OF MITOSIS: PROPHASE

49. Section 8.2 Summary – pages 201 - 210 During metaphase, the chromosomes move to the equator of the spindle. Centromere Sister chromatids PHASES OF MITOSIS: METAPHASE

51. Section 8.2 Summary – pages 201 - 210 During anaphase, the centromeres split and the sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell. PHASES OF MITOSIS: ANAPHASE

53. Section 8.2 Summary – pages 201 - 210 During telophase, two distinct daughter cells are formed. The cells separate as the cell cycle proceeds into the next interphase. Nuclear envelope reappears Two daughter cells are formed PHASES OF MITOSIS: TELOPHASE

55. Review Day!!!!

56. Objectives: I CAN… □Sequence the events of the cell cycle through a review session

57. Review Grab your white board and the note sheet on mitosis ANSWER THE FOLLOWING: 1. What are the 3 phases of the cell cycle? Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis 2. Most of the cell’s life is spent in which phase of the cell cycle ? INTERPHASE

58. 3. What is the purpose of the cell cycle? 4. What is the longest phase of the cell cycle? Growth and division of cells Interphase

59. 5. What are the 3 phases of the cell cycle? 6. What are the 4 stages of mitosis? Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

60. 7. The phase of mitosis pictured below? METAPHASE

61. 8. The phase of mitosis pictured below? PROPHASE

62. 9. The phase of mitosis pictured below? TELOPHASE

63. 10. The phase of mitosis pictured below? ANAPHASE

64. 11. What is the purpose of cytokinesis? 12. How long is the cell cycle of the average human cell? To divide the cytoplasm and cell membrane 20 hours

65. 13. How many chromosomes does the average human have? 14. What is the picture of all of the cell’s chromosomes called? 46 KARYOTYPE

66. 15. What disease occurs when cell growth is out of control? 16. What is one cause of uncontrolled cell growth? cancer Tobacco products, pollution, ultraviolet radiation (sun)

67. 17. What happens during interphase? 18. What happens during prophase? Cells prepare to divide, cells grow, multiply chromosomes Chromosomes condense and become visible

68. 19. What happens during metaphase? 20. What happens during anaphase? Chromosomes align at equator Sister chromatids separate

69. 21. What happens during telophase? 22. Give an example of when mitosis (cell division) is needed? Nuclear membrane reforms around each set of chromosomes Cut skin, growing (plants or animals), hair or nail growth, cell repair

70. 1. Cell Cycle B. Sequence of growth and division of a cell

71. 2. Sister Chromatin E. Make up the 2 halves of the double stranded chromosome and the DNA they contain are exact copies of each other

72. 3. Interphase D. Longest phase of the cell cycle, where the cell grows, synthesizes DNA, and prepares for division

73. 4. Mitosis F. Nuclear cell division, forming two daughter cells each containing a complete set of chromosomes

74. 5. Daughter cells C. Produced at the end of mitosis, identical to the parent cell

75. 6. Chromosome A. Contain DNA and carry the genetic information material that is passed from cell to cell

76. 7. What are the 3 phases of the cell cycle? (in order) Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis

77. 8. Which of these cycles does the cell spend most of its time in? Interphase

78. 9. What are the 4 phases of mitosis? (in order) Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

79. 10. What disease is caused by uncontrolled cell growth? Cancer

80. 11. Cell growth occurs Interphase

81. 12. Nuclear division occurs Mitosis

82. 13. DNA synthesis occurs Interphase

83. 14. Cytoplasm divides immediately after this period Mitosis

84. 15. Chromosomes are duplicated Interphase

85. 16. Two distinct daughter cells are formed Telophase

86. 17. The chromosomes move to the equator of the cell Metaphase

87. 18. The chromatin coils to form visible chromosomes Prophase

88. 19. The centromeres split and the sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell Anaphase

89. A. Prophase

90. B. Anaphase

91. C. Telophase

92. D. Metaphase

93. Sister chromatids Centromere EXTRA CREDIT