1. Introduction to Pathology
Dr.H.Zahawi,FRC.Path

2. Study of Medicine & Disease
Greek : Pathos Logus
Pathology is the study of suffering
Disease is Dis-ease
Egyptian,Arabs, Greece, Rome, middle ages
Scientific Revolution 16th.-17th.

3. What is Pathology ? Study of disease by scientific methods
Individual’s reaction to injury & its effect on body
Effect recognized by structural &functional
changes  PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Result is either compensated , decompensated
or causes death .
Links basic science to clinical practice

4. History of Pathology ‘Father of Pathology’ Anisim
Influence of magic or supernatural
Deficiency or excess body fluids
Hippocrates ‘Father of Medicine’
Postmortems & gross pathology ( 300BC)
Van Leeuwenhoek ‘microscope’
17th.century
Study of cells  Rudolf Virchow
‘Father of Pathology’
Humors
Morbid anatomy
Cellular path.

5. Microscopes 17th.-19th.century

6. Pathology in the 21st.century
Many new techniques
Electron Microscopy
Genetics
KNOW THE NORMAL BEFORE THE ABNORMAL
Subcellular
Molecular

7. Branches of Pathology Anatomic pathology : Study of tissues or cells
- Postmortem Examination ( autopsy )
- Forensic Pathology
- Surgically removed specimens
- Cytology of smears, Fine Needle Aspiration
Clinical pathology :
- Clinical chemistry
- Hematology
- Microbiology
- Immunology
- Genetics

8. How Pathology is taught
General pathology : studies mechanism & the characteristics of principle types of disease processes e.g.
- cell injury
- inflammation
- neoplasia
Systemic pathology : studies specific diseases in
specific organ systems. e.g.
- lung abscess
- breast cancer

9. Steps in study of diseases
Epidemiological aspects
Etiology: identifiable cause of disease
- Intrinsic : genetic
- Extrinsic : acquired
- Idiopathic
Pathogenesis : Sequence of events in the response of cells& tissues to the etiological agent, from the initial stimulus to the final expression of disease. This response can be studied morphologically, biochemical, immunologically or at molecular level.

10. Pathological & clinical features including biochemical tests, radiological findings
INTEGRATE ALL INFORMATION !!!!!
Complications & sequelae :
Events taken during the disease process that may
impair full recovery
Treatment
Prognosis :
A forecast as to the probable result of an attack of disease and the prospect of recovery.

11. To aid diagnosis , study morphology :
Samples for study include cells, biopsy or whole
organ :
- Gross or macroscopic appearance
- Histological or microscopic appearance
- Electron microscopy or ultrastructure
Genetic & molecular methods may aid diagnosis

12. Sample case
A 60 year old woman with a lump in the neck of 6 months duration.
Patient has fever & raised BMR ( ESR)
On examination she also had enlarged
inguinal lymph nodes.
Further investigations were within normal

14. Biopsy was taken
i.e. tissue removed for microscopical exam

15. Follicular Lymphoma

16. Genetic Studies :
Translocation t18: 14
Treatment : Chemotherapy
Prognosis : Good

17. Basal Cell Carcinoma

18. Opened uterus with leiomyomas
Gross
Microscopy

19. Gross ????

20. Electron microscopy useful in some cases

21. CONCLUSION :
PATHOLOGY AIDS IN DIAGNOSIS & MANAGEMENT OF DISEASE PROCESSES
PATHOLOGY IS THE BASES OF MEDICINE