1. Chapter 6 (CIC) and Chapter 16 (CTCS) Read in CTCS Chapter 16.1-3 Problems in CTCS: 16.3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 15, 19, 21

2. Acid Rain What’s an acid? –Sour taste (vinegar, citrus) –Color changes with indicators –Reactions with carbonates (eggshells, seashells, marble) –According to Arrhenius: Release of H + ions Q:Concentrated hydrochloric acid is 37% by mass HCl. What is its’ molarity if its’ density is 1.19 g/mL?

3. What’s a Base? Opposite of acid Bitter taste Color changes with indicator Slippery feel According to Arrhenius: Release of OH - ions Q:If the solubility of NaOH is 108 g/100. mL H 2 O, what is its’ molarity? Its’ density is 1.515 g/mL. A:19.7 M

4. Brønsted-Lowry Arrhenius definition only good in water Brønsted-Lowry acid donates H + What is forming with NH 3 and HCl? What is pH of NH 3 (aq)? NH 3 accepts H + (Brønsted-Lowry base)

5. Amphoterism Can’t have an acid without a base HCl + H2O  acidbase NH3 + H2O  baseacid Water is amphoteric – a substance that can behave as an acid or a base

6. Conjugate Acids/Bases BaseAcid Base Conjugate acid/base pairs differ by H + The stronger an acid, the weaker its’ conjugate base What’s are strong, weak, and negligible acids?

7. Q: What are the conjugate bases of HC 2 H 3 O 2, HNO 3, H 3 O + ? Q: What are the conjugate acids of CO 3 2-, HCO 3 -, H 2 SO 4 ?

8. Relative Strengths of Conjugate Acid/Base Pairs

9. Q: Predict in which direction equilibrium lies:

10. Neutralization Acid + Base  Salt + Water HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H 2 O Q: What is the net ionic equation for this? In order for complete neutralization, the concentrations of the acid and base must be the same [M H + ] = [M OH - ] [M H + ] > [M OH - ] yields an acid [M H + ] < [M OH - ] yields a base

11. [M H + ] x [M OH - ] = 1 x 10 -14 So, if one concentration is known, the other can be calculated Q: If [M H + ] = 1 x 10 -7, then what is [M OH - ]? Autoionization of water Did pure water conduct electricity?

12. Q: Calculate the concentration of [OH - ] in a 0.001 M HCl solution Q: Calculate the concentration of [H + ] in a 1 x 10 -15 M NaOH solution

13. Equilibrium If the forward rate = reverse rate then there is a constant amount of reactants and products

14. Q: What is [H 2 O]? This is also a constant, so