1. Cell Theory Functions necessary for life Surface area to volume Multicellular vs Unicellular

2.  All living things are made of cells ….or at least one cell  Cells carry out the functions of life, and have certain common features: Surrounded by a membrane Contain genetic material, which gives instructions to perform actions Most actions are reactions – enzymes Cells have their own energy system

3.  Is a cell! Unicellular organisms are made up of a single cell, and they carry out all of the functions of life by themselves.  These functions are: NutritionExcretion MetabolismHomeostasis GrowthReproduction Response

4.  Multicellular organisms are composed of many cells, which perform the functions of life together.

5.  Striated muscle tissue Muscular tissue is multinucleate

6.  Aseptate Hypha Fungi can have long uninterrupted tube-like structures called hyphae, many nuclei

7.  Can grow up to 100mm with only one nucleus

8.  Microscope Basics Name the parts How to focus How to trouble shoot How to draw How to determine size

10.  Put the slide on the stage  ALWAYS focus at low power first  At low power, use the COARSE adjustment knob, then once you have found the image use the fine adjustment knob

11.  Align the image in the middle of the Field of View  Switch to the next highest magnification  Use the FINE adjustment knob to bring the image in to focus

12.  Three key steps 1. Draw straight lines! 2. Join lines carefully to form continuous structures, such as cells

13.  Draw lines freehand, but use a ruler for labeling lines.

14.  Magnification = size of image/actual size of specimen  How big is the stuff I’m looking at though? Depends on magnification you are on

15.  http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/cells/cells2.html

17. Adapted from http://i- biology.net/ibdpbio/02-cells/cell-theory/

18.  Eyepiece – 10x  Objective – 4x, 10x, 40x, 100x

19.  In the cytoplasm of the cell, many chemical reactions take place: METABOLISM  The rate of these reactions is proportional to the volume of the cell  The cell acquires materials for these reactions through the cell membrane. (and excretes as well)

20.  Socrative

21.  Do we see all the functions of life being accounted for in this single Paramecium?

22.  Sometimes form colonies of cells, such as in Volvox aureus.  Figure 1 shows seven colonies, with 500 or more cells on the outside  These are still uni- cellular – the cells need to be fused in a single mass to be considered multicellular  Socrative

23.  Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is one of the best known examples of a multicellular organism  Basic cell differentiation – has a mouth, pharynx, intestine, anus, both sets of reproductive organs, nervous system  Emergent properties – come as a result of the interactions of these parts

24.  Cells adapt to perform different functions - Cells - Tissues – organized groups of cells that perform a function - Organs – groups of tissue that work together - Organ Systems – i.e. esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine - Organisms

25.  220 DIFFERENT types of cells are present in the human body – all have the same 25,000 genes! Difference comes in Gene Expression – which genes do the cells express? Example – Rod cells in the eye  Contain all 25,000 genes, but only express the genes that allow them to perform their function.  Socrative: If a lens cell produced pigments like a rod cell, how would this impact our vision?

26.  Two Properties: Can divide again and again to produce copious quantities of new cells. Can differentiate in different ways to produce different cell types  Two types:  Totipotent – ALL POWERFUL, Embryonic  Pluripotent – Still pretty powerful, Bone Marrow

27.  Stem cells must be harvested from embryonic tissue Ethical Dilemmas – Is it ethical to harvest embryos to provide a potential cure for diseases that are currently plaguing humanity?  Other sources?

30. 1. Cells are removed from the patient. 2. Cells are frozen or stored. 3. Cells are induced to differentiate in to a variety of ways (varies based on type). Cells are then replicated in culture. 4. Cells are introduced in to the patient, and allowed to attach on to existing tissue.

31.  Causes total vision loss as a result of a mutation of a gene in retinal cells  Develops in children between 6-12  Started with mice -> progressed to human trials  Embryonic Stem Cells lead to the recovery of a woman’s sight at the age of 50. Step 1 – Harvest ESC Step 2 – Induce ESC to diff. in to retinal cells Step 3 – Introduce in to patient, allow to grow to full maturity

32.  Cancer of the blood  Symptoms: Overproduction of white blood cells  Treatment: Using Adult Stem Cells Step 1 – Large needle inserted in to bone, allowing for bone marrow to be extracted Step 2 – ASCs are extracted from marrow and frozen Step 3 – Chemotherapy is administered to the patient, killing cancer cells Step 4 – ASCs are reintroduced back in to the body,