1. What is Loess? What was the European climate like during the last glacial maximum? How did the 19 th century scientists know there were ice ages? How much lower was sea level at the last glacial maximum? Deglaciation started about how long ago? Was deglaciation constant since the last maximum? What was the younger Dryas? What caused the Younger Dryas?

2. What happens to bedrock when continental glaciers melt? What caused the channeled scablands? How did glacial melting lead to the formation of the English Channel? How does the latent heat effect the melting of ice sheets? How does melting and sea level rise lead to rapid deglaciation? The motion of glaciers is a function of what? How does the coefficient of friction vary with the temperature of ice? Rapid deglaciation and ice sheet collapse produces large numbers of what?

3. Insolation peaked about 9000 years ago. How did that effect monsoons? How did the northern limit of forests respond to climate changes? Is the Sun’s output constant? What is the relationship between ice volume and greenhouse gases? Where did the CO2 go during the ice age? What effect does the monsoon cycle have on methane?

4. Why is there agriculture? How did ancient peoples cause deforestation? When did methane start to rise during our interglacial? What happened in Australia, America, and Madagascar within a few thousand years of the appearance of humans? Why is the medieval warm period associated with the rise of the Vikings. What do tree rings tell you about climate? And what are the problems associated with them? What was the Little Ice Age?

5. How did preindustrial human activity increase greenhouse gases? What are the limits on preindustrial human greenhouse inputs? What was the population of the Americas when Columbus arrived? Why did the Native American population collapse? What is the Columbian Exchange? What is Dr. Britt’s theory of the cause of the little ice age? The industrial revolution started in England in the 1780s and in the US in the 1820s, but CO2 did not significantly increase until the 1850s, why?

6. Why does the bedrock in Sweden rise and the bedrock in Holland sink? What happens to the ocean basins when you melt glaciers and increase the depth of the oceans? What happens to water when it warms up? Name some non-instrumental temperature indicators. What things effect short-term climate? How do volcanoes effect climate and what time frame is the effect? What is the “year without a summer”? What are the factors that effect sea level? We passed the natural interglacial range for CO2 about when? For methane? What is the annual input of atmospheric carbon from all fossil sources?

7. How much carbon comes from all volcanoes? Where does the extra carbon go once it is in the atmosphere? What are brown clouds and what are their effects? What are the factors that effect short-term climate? How does warming effect the oceans? How does warming effect the permafrost? What would a 2 X CO2 world be like? What would a 4 X CO2 world be like?