1. Climatic Anomalies  Greenhouse effect vs Global warmingGreenhouse effect vs Global warming  Causes of global warmingCauses of global warming  Impacts of global warmingImpacts of global warming  Ways to combat global warming 1. Individual’s actionIndividual’s action 2. HKSAR governmentHKSAR government 3. International cooperationInternational cooperation

2. Greenhouse effect vs Global warming Greenhouse effect -blanket effect -Greenhouse gases Global warming -Intensification of greenhouse effect -global temperature rising gradually

3. Causes of global warming: Increase in GHG GHG: water vapour, CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O, CFCs Natural sources CO 2 : volcanic eruptions, respiration Man-made sources CO 2 : Deforestation, fossil fuels combustion incineration, power plant, industries

4. Impacts of global warming Physical environment: Climate, sea-level, soil, plants and animals Socio-economic: Agriculture, forestry, energy, recreation, navigation, health Case studies: 1. HKSARHKSAR 2. Mainland China

5. Ways to combat global warming: Individual’s action 3R: reduce + recycle + reuse Use public transport Use clean energy Use eco-friendly products Plant trees Educate others

6. Ways to combat global warming: HKSAR government RAMSAR World Summit 2002 Kyoto Protocol: - HKSAR  Mainland China - Non-annex I Parties Reduce CO 2 emission - Power plants: Nuclear, Coal, Natural gas, Oil - LPG cars

7. Ways to combat global warming : International cooperation 1992 Earth Summit – UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) 1997 Kyoto Protocol:Kyoto Protocol 5. 2% reduction of 1990 levels between 2008-12 2002 World Summit – ratify Kyoto Protocol

8. Koyoto Protocol 京都協議 Elements Countries: Annex I(MDC), Non-annex I(LDC) Commitments, e.g. EU-8%, USA-7%, Russia 0% Implementation 1. Joint Implementation ( 聯合實施 ) 2. Emission Trading ( 排放交易 ) 3. Clean Development Mechanism ( 淨化發展機制 ) 4. Carbon sinks ( 碳吸納 )

9. Koyoto Protocol 京都協議 Ratification 確認 - 55%CO 2 e+55 countries Will not ratify: USA, Australia Willing(?) to ratify: Russia ( 17.4% CO2 emission), 2003 ?? Ratified: Almost 100 countries (44 % CO2 emission).

10. Koyoto Protocol 京都協議 Objections Countries so reluction to cooperate: USA Professionals’ objections: Oil companies Environmental scientists

11. Koyoto Protocol 京都協議 Arguments - Responsibility MDC - “Everyone’s responsibility” - fairness LDC - “Polluter pays” - need technology+ money - suffer the most

12. Case studies: HKSAR Temperature Sea level Extreme weather Food Hill Fires Energy Health Recreation Coastal ecosystem