1. 1 E nvironmental consequences of combustion processes – Part II (Global Warming) Dr. Hassan Arafat Department of Chem. Eng. An-Najah University (these slides were adopted, with modification, from Ms. Paulina Bohdanowicz, KTH Institute, Sweden) CHAPTER # 4

2. 2 What is a Green House? Greenhouses are much warmer inside than the air is outside because the glass is transparent to light and allows short-wavelength light to pass through and heat the contents of the greenhouse. It also reflects back the longer wavelength heat radiating within the greenhouse, thus preventing if from passing back out.

3. 3 Greenhouse Effect In A Greenhouse

4. 4 What is Green House Effect? In a glass greenhouse, heat builds up and gets trapped due to presence of carbon dioxide and other heat trapping gases in the upper atmosphere. CO2 is analogous to glass. Earth’s surface analogous to floor which radiates back absorbed energy as longer wave infrared heat.

5. 5 The greenhouse effect Atmosphere Greenhouse gases Long wave heat radiation Short wave radiation

6. 6 The greenhouse effect History –Natural greenhouse effect –Enhanced greenhouse effect Mechanism –GHG: H 2 O vapour CO 2 CH 4 O 3 N 2 O CFCs HCFCs HFCs PFCs aerosols

7. 7 Green House Effect Does Greenhouse effect cause warming of the earth’s surface? YES!, for without a greenhouse effect due to gases in the atmosphere, the average temperature of the earth’s surface would be 0 0 F. Earth’s surface temperature is about 60 0 F due to greenhouse effect.

8. 8 Global Warming Pollutants from a small area can accumulate and spread in the upper atmosphere and affect entire earth’s weather increase in CO2 is resulting in increase of earth’s temperature can result in melting of ice caps, coastal flooding, shift in weather patterns, etc.

9. 9 Greenhouse Gases GasSources Absorption range,  m Residence time,year RIRFGWP Contributi on to rel. GWP H 2 O vapour Natural processes 2.5-3.5, 5-7, > 13 CO 2 (365ppmv) Natural processes HC combustion 4-4.5, 14-19 (15-16) 50-20011 57-60 % CH 4 (1.77ppmv) Organic Matter decay HC combustion Natural processes (Ice deposits) 3-4, 7- 8.5 124321 12- 20% O3O3 Natural processes 9-10 N 2 O (312 ppbv) Microbial processes Agriculture Waste and sewage dumps HC combustion 3-5, 7.5-9 1202503106% CFCs & HCFCs (1-2ppbv) Only anthropogenic 8-1260-10000 15000- 19000 1000- 10000 14- 25%

10. 10 Atmospheric CO2

11. 11 Carbon data include only fossil fuel related emissions. They exclude emissions from cement manufacture.

12. 12

13. 13 The concentration of the three most important greenhouse gases

14. 14 Effects of Major Greenhouse Gases on Global Warming Percent contribution Gasto global warming Carbon dioxide57 Chlorofluorocarbons25 Methane12 Nitrous oxides 6

15. 15 Contribution of CO 2 Toward Global Warming ActivityPercent contribution Energy use 49 Industrial processes 24 Deforestation 14 Agriculture 13

16. 16 Human influences on the carbon-cycle Combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation are the most important anthropogenic sources for CO 2 emissions to the atmosphere Fossil fuels Oil Natural gas Coal Oceanic uptake Forest regrowth (0.5) Fertilization effect (2.0) Tropical Deforestation (-1.5) 6.0 1.52.5 2.0 Atmosphere +3 GtonC/yr (+1ppm/yr) ( GtonC/yr )

17. 17

18. 18 - 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 01,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,000 Population (million) Emissions (ton carbon per capita) USA Canada, Australia, New Zealand Japan OECD Europe Russia Other Europe China Middle East India Other Asia Africa Latin America World Average CO 2 -C emission per capita, 1998 2 Gt C/yr 10 billion people 0.2 ton C/capita per yr

19. 19 Annual precipitation pattern has changed Source: www.ipcc.ch

20. 20 Annual temperature pattern has changed Source: www.ipcc.ch

21. 21 Global warming Consequences of increased CO2 levels –Enhanced photosynthesis & plant growth –Increased plant water use efficiency –Reduction of susceptibility to several environmental stresses –Increase in biodiversity –Increase in acidity of oceans Consequences of global warming –Melting of ice caps –Increase in ocean levels –Coral bleaching –More severe weather conditions –Plant life – loss of biodiversity –Gulf Stream? –Global warming kills about 160,000 people through its effects every year

22. 22 1979 2003 National Geographic Magazine September 2004 +

23. 23 Söndre Strömfjord, Greenland, 1985 The glacier fronts are retreating.

24. 24 Melting glaciers

25. 25

26. 26 Vogel, G.: Science 297, Aug. 23 2002 Scott, R.C. 1996

27. 27 Weather-related disasters

28. 28 Weather-related disasters

29. 29 What Can We Do? Reduce World’s Population? Reduce or maintain current levels of CO2 in the atmosphere

30. 30 Kyoto Protocol Rio Earth Summit 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC): Intention to reduce atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases Nonbinding agreement, affecting 40 industrialized countries (annex I) Kyoto 1997 Third conference of the parties Kyoto protocol: treaty that fixes targets and timetables for the annex I countries Ratified by Russia on November 18, 2004 Came into force on February 15, 2005

31. 31 Present status of the USA Responsible for 25% of CO2 emissions Did not ratify the Kyoto Protocol Calling for a further involvement of developing countries, in particular China and India ”Economy would be affected too much” & ”American lif style is not a point of discussion” Kyoto Protocol is ”fatally flaved” Aim to stabilize emissions In 2002 left the international negotiations Measures on state level 12% increase between 1990 and 2001