1. Beginning of the review part 3

2. Direct object pronouns
The object that directly receives the action of the verb is called the direct object.
The direct object answers the question "what?" or "whom?" with regard to what the subject of the sentence is doing.
When the pronoun replaces the name of the direct object, use the following pronouns:
In sentences with two verbs, there are two options regarding the placement of the direct object pronoun.
1. Place it immediately before the conjugated verb.
2. Attach it directly to the infinitive.
DOPNs
Singular
Plural
1st person
Me= ________
Us = ________
2nd Person
You = ________
3rd person
Him = ________
Her = ________
You/It = ________
Them (m) _______
Them (fem) _____
Y’all ___________
nos me te lo
los la
las
Lo/la
Los/las

3. Indirect object pronouns
The indirect object (IO) tells us where the direct object (DO) is going.
The indirect object answers the question "To whom?" or "For whom?" the action of the verb is performed.
Sentences that have an indirect object usually also have a direct object. Remember, the IO tells us where the DO is going.
Sometimes the direct object is not stated; rather it is implied, or understood.

4. Indirect object pronouns
When a pronoun takes the place of the name of the indirect object, use the following pronouns:
IDOPNs
Singular
Plural
1st person
(to/for) Me= ________
(to/for) Us = ________
2nd Person
(to/for) You = ________
3rd person
(to/for) Him = ________
(to/for) Her = ________
(to/for) You/It = ________
(to/for) Them (m) _______
(to/for) Them (fem) _____
(to/for) Y’all ___________
nos me te le
les le
les le
les
The IO pronouns le and les present a special problem because they are ambiguous.
Since le and les can mean more than one thing, a prepositional phrase is often added to remove the ambiguity or for emphasis

5. Preterite of regular –ar verbs
The preterite is used for past actions that are seen as completed.
The preterite of regular -ar verbs is formed by dropping the infinitive ending -ar and adding the appropriate endings to the stem.
Note that verbs that end in ______, ______, and ______ have a spelling change in the ______ form.
_______ = _______
Pret. –ar endings
Singular
Plural
1st person
2nd Person
3rd person
car
gar
zar yo é
amos
car
aste
qué
gar
gué ó
aron
zar cé

6. Ser and Ir in the preterite
The verbs ir and ser are irregular in the preterite tense
The context in which each verb is used in the sentence will clarify the meaning.
The verb ser is not used very often in the preterite.
Pret. Of
ser and ir
Singular
Plural
1st person
2nd Person
3rd person
fui
fuimos
fuiste
fue
fueron

7. Preterite of regular –er and –ir verbs
Both regular –er and –ir verbs have the same set of endings
Pret. Er/ir endings
Singular
Plural
1st person
2nd Person
3rd person í
imos
iste ió
ieron

8. Dar and Ver in the preterite
The preterite endings of the verbs dar and ver are the same as those of regular -er and -ir verbs, except for the accent marks.
Pret.
dar
Singular
Plural
1st person
2nd Person
3rd person
Pret.
ver
Singular
Plural
1st person
2nd Person
3rd person di
dimos vi
vimos
diste
viste
dio
dieron
vio
vieron

9. Present tense “go” verbs
The verbs hacer (to do, to make), poner, traer (to bring), and salir have an irregular yo form.
The yo form has a g. All other forms are the same as those of a regular -er or -ir verb.
hacer
poner
traer
salir Yo Tú
Él,ella, ud.
Nosotros
Ellos, ellas, Uds.
hago
pongo
traigo
salgo
haces
pones
traes
sales
hace
pone
trae
sale
hacemos
ponemos
traemos
salimos g
hacen
ponen
traen
salen
Beware of the sneaky “g”

10. Present tense “go” verbs
The verb venir (to come) also has an irregular yo form. It conjugates like the verb tener. It is an e-ie stemchanger.
Present
venir
Singular
Plural
1st person
2nd Person
3rd person
vengo
venimos
vienes
viene
vienen

11. Present progressive tense
The present progressive is used in Spanish to express an action that is presently going on—an action in progress.
The present progressive is formed by using the present tense of the verb estar and the present participle—speaking, doing.
To form the present participle of most verbs in Spanish you drop the ending of the infinitive and add -ando to the stem of -ar verbs and -iendo to the stem of -er and -ir verbs.
Note that the verbs leer and traer have a y in the present participle.
leyendo trayendo

12. Saber y conocer in the present tense
The verbs saber and conocer both mean to know.
Note that like many Spanish verbs they have an irregular yo form in the present tense. All other forms are regular.
Present
saber
Singular
Plural
1st person
2nd Person
3rd person
Present
conocer
Singular
Plural
1st person
2nd Person
3rd person sé
sabemos
conozco
conocemos
sabes
conoces
sabe
saben
conoce
conocen

13. Saber y conocer in the present tense
The verb saber means to know a fact or to have information about something. It also means to know how to do something.
The verb conocer means to know in the sense of to be acquainted with.
It is used to talk about people and complex or abstract concepts rather than simple facts.

14. Reflexive verbs
A verb is reflexive when the subject and the object are the same
When a verb is reflexive, the infinitive ends in "se."
The reflexive pronouns are
me, te, se, nos, se
Steps to conjugating
Cut
Fling
Flop
Chopsuey
(switch-a-roonie)
Schmoosh me
lav ar o se
Cut off the “se”
Fling “se” in front of the verb
Flop “se” over into me, te, se, nos, or se to match the subject
Chop off –ar, -er, -ir
Swich the stem if necessary
Add the appropriate ending