2. The Carbon Cycle The Carbon Cycle - the movement of carbon between the organisms, atmosphere, oceans, and soil. The exchange of carbon happens between living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) things.

3. Abiotic Environments Carbon exists in abiotic environments as: Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) gas in atmosphere and in oceans Carbonate rocks (CaCO 3 ) Examples: limestone and coral Fossil Fuels Example: coal, petroleum, and natural gas Dead organic material

4. Biotic Environments Plants take in carbon dioxide during photosynthesis to make food Phytoplankton – floating organisms that do photosynthesis Animals eat foods that contain carbon. Zooplankton – floating organisms that eat food containing carbon Remember… Autotrophs or producers are living things that make their own food (sugar). Hetertrophs or consumers are living things that must eat their food.

5. Once the carbon is in living organisms, it is further converted and released: Consumption - carbon transferred to a consumer when an organism is eaten Decomposition - carbon transferred to the soil via the decay of a dead organism Respiration - carbon released into the air as CO 2 gas

7. Carbon Sinks Carbon Sink – a natural or manmade reservoir that holds and stores carbon for long periods of time Ex: Landfills and oceans

8. Fossil Fuels When living things die, they will decompose into the soil, and press together to turn into a fossil fuel. Ex. natural gas, oil, and coal Fossil fuels are carbon sinks. Carbon Cycle Tutorial

10. ROY G. BIV A Review of Light Sunlight that we see is called “white light” White light makes up the Visible Spectrum where we can see different colors. The colors we see are the colors of light that are reflected!

14. Photosynthesis 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + sunlight → C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 (carbon dioxide) (water) (glucose) (oxygen) Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy (glucose). Plants do photosynthesis to make food (glucose). Oxygen is a byproduct. From where do plants get carbon dioxide ? From where do plants get and water?

15. Remember, autotrophs are producers that include: Plants Algae Some bacteria

16. Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts (a type of plastid) Chloroplasts contain the green pigment chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is the pigment that uses sunlight to make food. Green light is reflected so this is why most plants appear green. Most plants contain other pigments that help chlorophyll absorb more light. Example: carotenoids

17. Chloroplasts

18. Aerobic Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + 38ATP (glucose) (oxygen) (carbon dioxide) (water) (energy) Respiration converts the chemical energy of glucose to the chemical energy of ATP. Living things do respiration to make energy (ATP). Occurs in ALL living things. CO 2 and H 2 O are byproducts. Mostly occurs in the mitochondria of cells.

20. ATP Stand for Adenosine Triphosphate The “universal” energy Needed to run all processes necessary to support life such as thinking, running, breathing, etc. It is a chemical that contains 3 phosphate groups and is like a fully charged battery. ATP releases energy by breaking off phosphate (P). ATP  ADP + P + ENERGY

21. ADP is Adenosine Diphosphate. It is a chemical that contains 2 phosphate groups and is like a partially charged battery. ADP stores energy by adding a P. ADP + P + ENERGY  ATP

22. There are two major types of cellular respiration: 1. Aerobic respiration Uses oxygen Makes lots of energy (38 ATP) Occurs in mitochondria 2. Anaerobic respiration (fermentation) No oxygen needed Makes a little energy (2ATP) Occurs in cytoplasm Two types: alcoholic and lactic acid

23. Alcoholic Fermentation Glucose → alcohol + CO 2 + 2ATP Ex: Yeast causes bread dough to rise when baked and alcohol evaporates.

24. Lactic Acid Fermentation Glucose → Lactic acid + 2ATP Ex: Humans produce lactic acid in their muscles during rapid exercise (sprinting, weight lifting, etc.)

27. Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse effect – gases are creating a curtain around the Earth trapping sunlight in the atmosphere, which keeps the earth warm Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere include: Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, and nitrous oxide.

29. Global Warming Global warming – the gradual increase of greenhouse gases (especially carbon dioxide) increases the greenhouse effect, which increases the average global temperature

30. Human-caused activities have aided in global warming starting with the Industrial Revolution. Power plants 93% of emissions from the electric utility industry comes from coal. Car emissions 33% of US carbon dioxide emissions. Deforestation Agriculture Methane is 20 times more harmful than carbon dioxide as a greenhouse gas, but there is not nearly as much methane made. Causes of Global Warming

32. Effects of Global Warming Polar ice caps have been melting rapidly. In 2006, almost all of the 300 glaciers worldwide are melting. Sea level rising quickly. Increased ocean temperatures Associated with more severe weather (hurricanes).

33. This is what many different ports could look like in the future with the rising sea levels.

34. Increased acidity in oceans. More carbon dioxide is being absorbed in the oceans, which makes carbonic acid. Acidic oceans are killing marine life.