1. Principal Investigators: W. Wild (Instrumentation R&D) M. Hogerheijde (Allegro) M. Hogerheijde (Allegro) NOVA-3 Proposal Advancing Submillimeter Astronomy at Chajnantor: Strategic Developments for APEX and ALMA

2. NOVA3/instrumentation proposal: objectives Two directions to optimize APEX and ALMA Improve instrumentation for APEX and ALMA, e.g. –more sensitive CHAMP + arrays at 650 and 800 GHz –R&D for future large arrays –2 nd generation ALMA receivers Continue ALMA Regional Center node: Allegro – develop expertise, tools critical for optimal science return of ALMA for the Netherlands in 4 well-defined areas

3. Context The NOVA-3 proposal –exploits previous investments in ALMA and APEX CHAMP + mixer development ALMA Band 9 development ARC node Allegro –complements other submillimeter and far-infrared facilities JCMT with SCUBA2, HARP-B enhanced-SMA Herschel Space Observatory

4. NOVA-3 proposal status NOVA Board approved support for the ALLEGRO and ALMA R&D project (with comments) The project plan will be further negotiated and refined to optimally support Dutch submm astronomy needs In particular, the technical R&D will focus on a few key developments We listen carefully during today’s meeting …

5. Instrumentation: CHAMP + status Two 7-pixel arrays at 650 and 800 GHz Commissioned at APEX: April, June 2007 Max-Planck and NOVA PI instrument First science: June 2007 True pathfinder for ALMA 1 arcmin NGC6331 IRS CO 6-5 (691 GHz) CO 7-6 (807 GHz) 10’’ = CHAMP+ pixel = ALMA field of view

6. Option 1 - CHAMP + improvement Better submillimeter mixer arrays for APEX –Wider RF bandwidth at 650 GHz + wider IF b/w: 4–12 GHz –25–50% better sensitivity at 800 GHz ➡ Faster mapping (observing time ~ noise level 2 ) ➡ Single coverage for wide extragalactic lines; spectral multiplexing for narrow Galactic lines ➡ Improvement now possible through new SIS technology at TUD NOVA: “The proposed upgrade for CHAMP+ will not be supported.”

7. Option 2 - APEX improvement Towards large submillimeter arrays –Need to develop key technology R&D to enable large arrays New fabrication techniques Optics and LO coupling IF system integration and heat dissipation Lower system complexity –Goal: 19-pixel array design for APEX ➡ Again: immediate impact on science output ➡ Also useable for future telescopes such as 25m CCAT

8. Option 3 – 2 nd generation ALMA receiver ALMA Band 9 would benefit much from sideband separating mixers –Observing speed improvements of factor ~1.7 to ~2 feasible –“Poor” sky more accessible for band 9 Fig 1 - Gain in observing speed vs. frequency in ALMA band 9 when using a 2SB receiver instead of a DSB receiver.

9. Technical R&D funding Combination of several funding sources to enable and ensure instrumentation R&D ➡ NOVA-3 ➡ FP7 Radionet (EU contract under negotiation) ➡ Veni Andrey Baryshev ➡ SRON + TU Delft contributions ➡ Synergy ALMA Band 9 ➡ ALMA R&D funds ?

10. ALMA: International context ALMA completed: 2013 –first science operations: 2010 ALMA Regional Centers (ARC) –European ARC: 7-node network ESO: ‘core’ functions –proposals handling –data archive –pipeline processing –limited f2f 6 nodes: ‘additional’ functions –face-to-face user support –advanced data operations (“beyond the pipeline”)  expertise areas

11. Allegro: status Advanced data operations / expertise areas –1. high frequency observing –2. wide field and high dynamic range imaging –3. infrastructure for basic science analysis tools line frequencies; atomic, molecular, mineralogical data; radiative transfer Aligned with expertise and critical science interests of NL community Activities (August 2006–present): –postdoc: offline software: CASA testing, interoperability with other packages –postdoc: high-frequency calibration /commissioning (@ Chile) –scientist: rationalized access to science analysis tools

12. Allegro: development 2009–2013 NOVA3/instrumentation support for development activities during ALMA construction –develop offline software practices: calibration, reduction, imaging –participate in commissioning ALMA –develop high frequency observing and calibration strategies –port expertise for wide field and high dynamic range imaging –expand and maintain interface to basic science analysis tools User support –NOVA3/Science Support postdoc for user support Early Science Additional funding opportunities NWO for user support functions (>2012) Astronet proposals: RT and mol.data development; ESO COFUND proposal

13. Division of work, proposal team and partners Proposal team Wolfgang Wild (SRON / RuG) Frank Israel (UL) Michiel Hogerheijde (UL) Teun Klapwijk (TU Delft) Peter Barthel (RuG) Huib Jan van Langevelde (JIVE/UL) Andrey Baryshev (SRON / RuG)Floris van der Tak (SRON / RuG) Ewine van Dishoeck (UL) Tom Oosterloo (ASTRON) Frank Helmich (SRON / RuG) Paul van der Werf (UL) International partners Instrument R&D: MPIfR Bonn, CalTech, EU RadioNet (with 24 partners) Allegro: ALMA and European ARC nodes (ESO, Bologna, Grenoble, Bonn/Köln/Bochum, Manchester, Onsala), JCMT Division of work Instrument R&D: Groningen (Kapteyn + SRON); TU Delft Allegro: Leiden (Universities + ASTRON + JIVE + SRON + JCMT)