1. THE VEINS
Introduction
The Pulmonary Veins
The Systematic Veins

2. Veins normally accompany arteries and often have similar names.
Veins are always larger than the arteries and are sometimes more visible than arteries because they are closer to the skin surface.
Most veins eventually empty the un-oxygenated blood into the vena cavas.

3. The Veins General feature Superficial vein
Thin walls, larger lumens, venous valves, venous plexus, venous rete
Two sets
Superficial vein
Deep veins
Special structures:
Sinuses of dura mater
Diploic veins

4. The Veins Composition The pulmonary veins The systemic veins
R. & L. superior & inferior pulmonary veins → left atrium
The systemic veins
Superior vena cava system
Inferior vena cava system (hepatic portal system )
Cardiac vein system
→right atrium

5. The head, neck, upper limb and the thoracic cavity return blood to to the right atrium of the heart via the superior vena cava.
The lower limb, abdominal and plevis cavity return blood to the right atrium of the heart via the inferior vena cava.

6. Before blood is returned to the heart from the stomach, pancreas, small intestine, and spleen, it goes through the liver for filtration.

7. This portion of this part of systemic system is known as the hepatic portal system.
The gastric vein (stomach), splenic vein (spleen), pancreatic vein (pancreas), and mesenteric veins (small intestines) empty into the portal vein that carries the blood to the liver.

8. In the liver, the portal vein branches into smaller venules and finally into capillary beds.
In the capillary beds of the liver, nutrients are exchanged for storage and the blood is purified.
The capillaries then join into venules that empty into the hepatic vein, which carries blood to the inferior vena cava.

9. A. Introduction The Recurrent Factors of the Blood in Veins
The venous valves.
The dilation of the ventricles of the heart.
The negative pressure of the thoracic
cavity.
The movements of the viscera.
The impulses of the artery.
the continuous blood flow from capillaries.

10. B. The Pulmonary Veins Pulmonary Veins
1. Right superior pulmonary v. 2. Right inferior pulmonary v
3. Left superior pulmonary v.
4. Left inferior pulmonary v.
the above all  left ventricle

11. C. The Systematic Veins 1. The superior vena caval system 
2. The inferior vena

12. C. The Systematic Veins  The superior vena caval system Head & neck
internal
jugular v.
Superior
vena cava
Brachio-
cephalic v.
Venous
angle
Upper
limb
Subclavian v.
Thorax
Azygos vein

13. Veins of head and neck Facial vein
Begins at medial angle of eye (angular vein)
Runs downward and backward through the face, posterior to the facial artery
Below angle of mandible, joins anterior branch of retromandibular vein to form common facial vein, which drains into internal jugular vein

14. Veins of head and neck Facial vein
Connections with cavernous sinus through the ophthalmic vein , and also through pteygoid venous plexus via the deep facial vein

15. Veins of head and neck “Danger triangle of the face”
lies between root of nose and two angles of mouth
In this area the facial vein has no valves
Connections with cavernous sinus and pteygoid venous plexus

16. Veins of head and neck Retromandibular v.
Formed by union of superficial temporal and maxillary veins
Divides into an anterior branch that unites with facial vein and a posterior branch that joins posterior auricular vein to become external jugular vein

17. Veins of head and neck ★ External jugular vein Anterior jugular vein
Formed behind angle of mandible by union of posterior auricular, posterior branch of retromandibular and occipital vein
Crossing sternocleidomastoid to enter subclavian vein
Anterior jugular vein
Drains submandibular and anterior neck regions
Descends near midline, runs posterior to sternal end of sternocleidomastoid to drain into external jugular vein or subclavian vein

18. Veins of head and neck ★ Internal jugular vein
Begin at jugular foramen, descending to join the subclavian vein to form brachiocephalic vein
Lies lateral first to internal and then to common carotid a. within carotid sheath
Chief extracranial tributaries
Common facial vein
Lingual v.
Pharyngeal v.
Superior thyroid v.
Middle thyroid v.

19. Veins of head and neck ★Venous angle Subclavian vein
Continuation of axillary vein at the lateral border of first rib
Joins internal jugular vein to form the brachiocephalic vein.
★Venous angle
the junction of the subclavian vein and internal jugular vein

20. Veins of the Head and Neck
Inferior thyroid vein 
Brachiocephalic vein

21. Veins of the Upper Limb B.  Superficial veins 1. Cephalic v.
2. Basilic v.
3. Median cubital v.

22. Veins of the Upper Limb 4. Median anterbrachial v.
5. Dorsal venous rete of hand
[intravenous
drip ]
injection]

23. Superficial veins of the upper limb
Cephalic vein
Arises from the lateral side of the dorsal venous rete on the back of hand
Winds around the lateral border of the forearm; it then ascends into the cubital fossa and up the front of the arm on the lateral side of the biceps.
It continues up in the deltopectoral groove and then to the infraclavicular fossa, where it pierces clavipectoral fascia to drain into axillary vein.

24. Superficial veins of the upper limb
Basilic vein
Arises from the medial side of the dorsal venous rete of hand
Winds around the medial border of the forearm; it then ascends into the cubital fossa and up the front of the arm on the medial side of the biceps to middle of the arm where it pierces the deep fascia and joins the brachial vein or axillary vein

25. Superficial veins of the upper limb
Median cubital vein
Links cephalic vein and basilic vein in the cubital fossa
It is a frequent site for venipuncture to remove a sample of blood or add fluid to the blood

26. Variations in the venous pattern of the upper limb
Superficial veins are variable and are of significance clinically

27. Veins of the Upper Limb A. Deep Veins
(follow the arteries given the same name:)
1. Subclavian v.
2. Axillary v.
3. Brachial v.
4. Radial v.
5. Ulnar v.

28. Parietal Tributaries Anterior Wall of Thorax
Veins of the Thorax
Parietal Tributaries Anterior Wall of Thorax
1. Thoracoepigastric v.
axillary v.
2. Anterior intercostal vv.
 internal thoracic v.
 brachiocephalic v.

29. Veins of the Thorax Posterior Wall of Thorax 1. Post. intercostal vv.
left side: accessory hemiazygos v.
 hemiazygos v.
right side:  azygos v.  sup. vena cava

30. Veins of the Thorax B. Visceral Tributaries 2. Bronchial v.
1. Esophageal v.
2. Bronchial v.

31. Veins of thorax
Brachiocephalic veins Formed by union of internal jugular and subclavian veins posterior to the sternoclavicular joint

32. Veins of thorax Superior vena cava
Formed by union of right and left brachiocephalic veins behind the right sternocostal synchorndrosis of first rib
Runs vertically down on right of ascending aorta
Joined by azygos vein at level of sternal angle
Enters right atrium at lever of lower border of third right sternocostal joint
Collects blood from veins of upper half of body

33. Veins of thorax Azygos vein Hemiazygos v. Accessory hemiazygos v.
Begins as continuation of right ascending lumbar vein
Ascending along the right side of vertebral column
Joins superior vena cava by aching above right lung root at level of T4 to T5
Receives right posterior intercostals and subcostal veins plus some of bronchial, esophageal and pericardial veins, and hemiazygos vein
Tributaries
Hemiazygos v.
Accessory hemiazygos v.

34. Veins of thorax Veins of vertebral column
External vertebral venous plexus
Internal vertebral venous plexus

35. The inferior vena caval system
Wall and paired viscera
Abdomen
Inferior
vena cava
Unpaired viscera
Liver
Hepatic v.
Pelvis
Internal
iliac v.
Common iliac v.
Lower
limb
External
iliac v.

36. Veins of the Abdomen  The Hepatic Portal Venous System
Unpaired Visceral Tributaries
 The Hepatic Portal Venous System
Digestive
apparatus
Spleen
Inferior
vena
cava
Hepatic poral v. (
Liver
Hepatic v)

37. Veins of the Lower Limb B.  Superficial Veins 1. Great saphenous v. →
femoral v.
1) superficial medial femoral v.
2) superficial lateral femoral v.
3) superficial iliac circumflex v.
4) superficial epigastric v.
5) external pudendal v.

38. Veins of the Lower Limb 2. Small saphenous v.  popliteal v.
3. Dorsal venous arch of foot

39. Veins of lower limb Great saphenous v.
Begins the medial end of dorsal venous arch of foot
Passes anterior to the medial malleolus and ascends on the medial side of the leg, then passes behind the knee and curves forward around the medial side of the thigh
Inclines anteriorly through the thigh to enter the femoral vein through the saphenous hiatus which lies about 3~4 cm below and lateral to the pubic tubercle
Tributaries:
Superficial medial femoral v.
Superficial lateral femoral v.
External pudendal v.
Superficial epigastric v.
Superficial iliac circumflex v.

40. Superficial epigastric v.
Superficial circumflex iliac v.
External pudendal v.
Superficial lateral femoral v.
Superficial medial femoral v.
Great saphenous v.

41. Varicose veins

42. Veins of lower limb Small saphenous v.
Arises from the lateral part of the dorsal venous arch of foot
Ascends behind lateral malleolus and then runs up the midline of the back of the leg
Pierces the deep fascia and enters the popliteal v.
Drains the lateral side of the foot and ankle and the back of the leg.

43. Veins of the Lower Limb Deep Veins External iliac v. 2.  Femoral v.
3. Popliteal v.
4. Anterior tibial v.
5. Posterior tibial v.

44. Veins of pelvis Internal iliac vein
Parietal tributaries: accompany with arteries
Visceral tributaries
External iliac vein– accompany the artery
Common iliac vein– formed by union of internal and external iliac veins in front of sacroiliac joint, end upon L4~L5 by uniting each other to form inferior vena cava

45. Veins of the Pelvis 1. Superior gluteal v. 2. Inferior gluteal v.
A. Parietal Tributaries
1. Superior gluteal v.
2. Inferior gluteal v.
3. Obturator v.
4. Lateral sacral v.

46. ① Rectal venous plexus Veins of pelvis Internal iliac vein
Parietal tributaries: accompany with arteries
Visceral tributaries
① Rectal venous plexus
② Vesical venous plexus
③ Uterine venous plexus

47. Veins of the Pelvis B. Visceral Tributaries
1. Rectal venous plexus
 →superior rectal vein→inferior mesenteric v.
→inferior rectal vein→internal iliac v.
→anal vein→internal pudendal v.
2. Vesical venous plexus →vesical v.
3. Uterine venous plexus →uterine v.
4. Veins of perineum
 internal pudendal v.

48. Inferior vena cava
Formed by union of two common iliac veins anterior and just to the right of L4~L5
Ascends on the right side of aorta, pierces vena cava foramen of diaphragm at the level of T8, and drains into the right atrium
Conveys blood from the whole body below the diaphragm to the right atrium

49. Inferior vena cava Chief tributaries Parietal
Paired inferior phrenic v.
paired lumbar v. (four)
Visceral
Right and left renal veins
Right suprarenal vein (left drain into left renal vein)
Right testicular or ovarian v. (left drain into left renal vein)
Hepatic veins : right, left and intermediate

50. Hepatic portal vein General features
Formed behind the neck of pancreas by the union of superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein
Ascends upwards and to the right, posterior to the first part of duodenum and then enters the lesser omentum to the porta hepatis, where it divides into right and left branches
There are no functioning valves in hepatic portal system
Drains blood from gastrointestinal tract from the lower end of oesophagus to the upper end of anal canal, pancreas, gall bladder, bile ducts and spleen

51. Hepatic portal vein Tributaries of hepatic portal v.
1. Superior mesenteric v.
2. Inferior mesenteric v.
3. Splenic v.
4. Left gastric v.
5. Right gastric v.
6. Cystic v.
7. Paraumbilical v.

52. Portosystemic anastomoses hepatocirrhosis
1. At the lower end of the oesophagus
Hepatic portal vein → left gastric vein → esophageal venous plexus → esophageal vein → azygos vein → superior vena cava
2. At rectal venous plexus
Hepatic portal vein → splenic vein → inferior mesenteric vein → superior rectal vein → rectal venous plexus → inferior rectal and anal veins → internal iliac vein → inferior vena cava
3. At periumbilical venous rete
Hepatic portal vein→paraumbilical vein→periumbilical venous rete→
thoracoepigastric and superior epigastric vein → superior vena cava
superficial epigastric and inferior epigastric veins → inferior vena cava

53. Portal-systemic anastomoses
4. Portal-retroperitoneal anastomosis
Between the retroperitoneal branches of the colic veins and the lumbar veins, pancreaticoduodenal veins with the renal veins, and the subcapsular veins of the liver with the phrenic veins, twigs of colic veins (portal) anastomosing with systemic retroperitoneal veins