1. Goals:
Identify the structures and functions of the male and female reproductive systems.
Summarize the internal feedback control of reproductive hormones
Sequence the stages of the menstrual cycle

2. DO NOW 1 Worksheet - Answer the Multiple Choice questions
From exam on Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction

3. Male and Female Reproductive Systems
Sexual Reproduction
We know that sexual reproduction needs TWO parents, a male and a female. Sexual reproduction also needs specialized sex cells, sperm and eggs.
We will learn the specialized sex organs and how sperm and egg meet to create a new life!

4. Male Reproductive System
Function:
The male reproductive system is responsible for producing, storing, nourishing and transporting reproductive cells (sperm).
DO NOW 2 - Label the parts of the Male Reproductive System
Blank diagram on your note packet page 1

5. Anatomy: Male Reproductive System

6. Anatomy: Male Reproductive System
Production of Sperm
Sperm is first made during puberty (about 12 – 14), in structures known as the testes.
TWO testes are found in a loose sac called the scrotum which is 2⁰C - 3⁰C cooler than normal body temperature for good sperm production
After sperm are made, they are stored in the epididymis which are coiled tubes on each testis.
What TWO functions does the urethra have?
Release sperm outside the body
Release urine outside the body

7. Problems: Male Reproductive System
What if your vas deferens were cut?
Sperm could not leave the body!
Male will be infertile!
This is called a Vasectomy
What if temperature of the scrotum was too warm?
Sperm will not form correctly
Can lead to infertility or reduced fertility
This can happen with Varicose Veins
Sperm that are misshapen will hurt their motility…. This will affect fertilization

8. After sperm are formed and stored
When excited, blood flows into the penis and veins collapse creating an erection. An erection is when the penis becomes rigid (hard).
Mature sperm move into the Vas deferens, which transports the sperm from the epididymis to the urethra by peristalsis.
As sperm move through the vas deferens and urethra there are three glands that add fluid to support the sperm and create semen
What TWO functions does the urethra have?
Release sperm outside the body
Release urine outside the body

9. DO NOW Write answer on top of page 2 in your note packet
Lets follow sperm.
Put in order from where sperm start to where they are released:
Testes
Urethra
Vas Deferens
Epididymis

10. Anatomy: Male Reproductive System
Semen – milky white fluid that is ejaculated. Consists of sperm and supporting fluids from THREE main glands.
Seminal Vesicle - (60% of semen)
Secretes basic fluid to help neutralize the acidity in the urethra and the vagina
Nutrients in secretion for sperm
Prostate Gland - (30% of semen)
Secretes basic fluid that helps sperm move
Contains muscle for support
Bulbourethral Gland
Secretes basic fluid and lubricating mucus. Activates sperm

11. Ejaculation: Male Reproductive System
As sperm moves from the vas deferens to the urethra, collecting fluids to become semen, a muscle closes the bladder to prevent urine and semen mixing
Muscle contractions (peristalsis) help release semen from the males body known as EJACULATION
The PENIS helps to deposit sperm in the VAGINA of the female which leads to the female gamete, the egg.

12. Hormones: Male Reproductive System
Several hormones contribute to the male reproductive process
In addition to sperm, the testes also produce the male hormone
Before birth, a male begins to make testosterone which causes the embryo to develop into a male rather than a female.
Testosterone levels are low until puberty
Testosterone
What TWO functions does the urethra have?
Release sperm outside the body
Release urine outside the body

13. Hormones: Male Reproductive System
At puberty, testosterone levels rise.
What effect does this have on a male?
1. Testosterone:
Influencing the development of secondary male characteristics
Maintains reproductive tract
Promotes sperm production
Influences sex drive & behavior
What TWO functions does the urethra have?
Release sperm outside the body
Release urine outside the body
Secondary male characteristics: broad shoulders, deep voice, facial hair, larger muscles, increased bone density, sperm production,

14. Hormones: Male Reproductive System
2. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Promotes / initiates sperm production
Pituitary gland
3. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Assists spermatogenesis and initiates production of testosterone in the testes
4. Gonadotropin releasing hormone
(GnRH)
Secreted by hypothalamus gland
Causes pituitary to release FSH and LH
Testosterone production is regulated by
What TWO functions does the urethra have?
Release sperm outside the body
Release urine outside the body
Negative Feedback

15. Hormones: Male Reproductive System
Does the body constantly produce testosterone?
Levels of Testosterone
Controlled by negative feedback
Regulated by GnRH
As levels of testosterone decrease in the blood….
GnRH is released
Stimulates the pituitary to release LH and FSH
LH and FSH promote testosterone production
As levels of testosterone increase in the blood….
GnRH secretion is shut off
No LH and FSH released
No testosterone production NO

16. DO NOW 3 Worksheet - Answer the Multiple Choice questions
Male Reproductive System
How well do you know the male reproductive system?

17. Female Reproductive System
Function:
The female reproductive system is responsible for producing, storing, nourishing and transporting reproductive cells (eggs).
Includes structures to nourish and protect the fetus during pregnancy

18. DO NOW 10 Label the parts of the Female Reproductive System
Blank diagram on your note packet

19. Anatomy: Female Reproductive System
Parts & Terms to know
Ovaries
Female organ where egg cells (sex cells) are produced
Produces female sex hormones called estrogen and progesterone
Eggs cells mature in the ovaries in special clusters of cells called follicles.
Ovulation – when egg is mature, the ovary releases the egg cell into the fallopian tubes. Occurs once about every 28 days.

20. Female Reproductive System
Fallopian tubes
Also called the Oviducts (5 inches)
Mature eggs released into fallopian tubes
Egg moves through fallopian tube by peristalsis and tiny hairs called cilia
Fallopian tubes is where FERTILIZATION happens!!
Fertilization – haploid egg and sperm join to make a diploid zygote
Zygote – fertilized egg

21. Female Reproductive System
Parts & Terms to know
Uterus
Also called The Womb
Protects and nourished the fetus during development
If fertilization happens – the fertilized egg or zygote attaches to the uterine wall
No fertilization – thickened uterine wall will shed in a process called menstruation
Shape and size of a pear (expands considerably when pregnant)

22. Female Reproductive System
Parts & Terms to know
Vagina
Receives the penis and semen during intercourse
This is where the developed fetus will exit the female body. This is known as birth.
Shape and size of a pear (expands considerably when pregnant)

23. DO NOW 11 Worksheet - Answer the Multiple Choice questions
Female Reproductive System
How well do you know the Female reproductive system?

24. Menstrual Cycle – NO fertilization

26. Menstrual Cycle The menstrual cycle:
In the human female, a mature egg develops and leaves one of the ovaries about every 28 days known as ovulation
During ovulation, the walls of the uterus have thickened with a rich supply of blood vessels and is prepared to accept a fertilized egg for development.
If the egg is not fertilized, the built-up portion of the uterine wall breaks down along with the unfertilized egg and passes out of the body through the vagina. This process is known as
Menstruation

28. Menstrual Cycle The menstrual cycle: Begins at puberty around age 12
Temporarily stops during pregnancy
Permanently stops between the ages of This is known as menopauses
Menstrual cycle is controlled by interactions of 4 hormones
FSH LH
Estrogen
Progesterone

29. Menstrual Cycle Follicle stage Ovulation stage Corpus luteum stage
Menstruation is divided into 4 stages using these hormones:
Follicle stage
Ovulation stage
Corpus luteum stage
Menstruation stage

30. Follicle Stage
FSH and Estrogen levels increase in the body

31. Follicle Stage (Day 1- 13) FSH Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Secreted by pituitary gland
Stimulates the development of an egg in a follicle in the ovary called Oogenesis

32. Follicle Stage (Day 1 -13) Estrogen
(Day 7) As the egg matures and the follicle develops, ESTROGEN is secreted by the ovaries.
Estrogen stimulates the lining of the uterus to thicken and become rich in blood vessels

33. Ovulation (Day 14)
Negative Feedback – high levels of Estrogen in blood “tells” the pituitary gland to decrease FSH secretion Pituitary gland now secretes Luteinizing hormone (LH) which causes ovulation

34. Corpus Luteum (Day 15-27)
After ovulation, cells fill the empty follicle to form a yellow body called the corpus luteum.
Corpus luteum secretes the hormone progesterone.
Progesterone - maintains the thickened uterine lining and prevents development of new follicles in the ovaries

35. Menstruation(Day 28) If fertilization does not occur:
LH levels decrease
The Corpus luteum breaks down causing Progesterone levels to decrease
Menstruation - decreased progesterone causes thickened uterine walls to break down and shed out the vagina along with unfertilized egg
Last about 4 days

36. Label the hormones
Why is progesterone high during the Corpus Luteum stage?

37. DO NOW 101
Label the diagram (except #6)

38. DO NOW 66 Worksheet - Answer the Multiple Choice questions
Menstruation
How well do you know the Menstruation?

39. DO NOW 99 Complete the graphic organizer on the female reproductive system

41. DO NOW

42. Fertilization and Development

43. What if Fertilization DOES occur?
DO NOW 13
In packet
Only 1 questions
(few parts)

44. What if Fertilization DOES occur?
If fertilization occurs then the process of will not happen!
An egg will become fertilized. A fertilized egg is known as a _________
Menstruation
Zygote

45. Human Fertilization
Fertilization – 1 sperm fuses with 1 egg creating a zygote
Haploid Sperm + Haploid Egg = Diploid Zygote

46. Fertilization the Story
Sperm are deposited in the vagina, travel past the cervix into the uterus then finally into BOTH fallopian tubes.
Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube and creates variation!
Any 1 of the 200 – 400 million unique sperm can fuse with the egg!
The fertilized egg is called a zygote
So technically you’re not 1 in a million… you’re one in 200 million!
Many sperm secrete specific enzymes which begin to breakdown the outer surface of the egg (outer surface consists of protective material deposited by the follicle.

47. Fertilization the Story
Can more than one egg be fertilized?
Yes, if more than one egg is released
Fraternal Twins – 2 separate eggs are fertilized by different sperm
How are identical twins
produced?
When one zygote
divides into two separate
cells (2 zygotes) during
cleavage

48. After Fertilization
What happens after the egg has been fertilized in the fallopian tube?
Fertilized egg (zygote) travels through the rest of the fallopian tube and begins to divide by
Will every cell in the new baby have the EXACT same DNA? Why?
MITOSIS

49. Meiosis -> Fertilization -> Mitosis
As zygote travels in the oviduct, it begins a process called Cleavage Cleavage - process in the Oviduct where the zygote divides by mitosis increasing the amount of cells (forming 2 cells, 4 cells and so on)
What do you notice about the size of the ball of cells as cleavage occurs?
The number of cells increase by the size of the diving zygote remains the same

50. Meiosis -> Fertilization -> Mitosis
As cleavage occurs, a ball of about 50 cells forms the morula Cells will keep on dividing into a hollow ball called the blastocyst
Zygote
Morula
Blastocyst

51. Fertilization – Cleavage - _____________
Implantation
After the zygote undergoes cleavage and becomes a blastocyst, what happens next?
Implantation

52. Fertilization – Cleavage - Implantation
After implantation of the blastocyst into the wall of the uterus, a process known as gastrulation occurs.
Gastrulation:
Blastocyst bend inwards and is called a gastrula
The gastrula bends inwards and forms 3 different layers
The three layers will differentiate into specialized tissues and organs

53. What the layers become?

54. Internal Development
As the different body systems develop, the developing embryo needs nutrients! Yolk Sac – Provides nutrients for the early embryo before the umbilical cord and placenta form

55. Eventually the placenta and umbilical cord form

56. Placenta & Umbilical Cord
Responsible for nourishing the fetus and removing fetal waste
Filled with capillaries for _______________________
__________________________ diffuse into the embryo’s blood from the mother (for nourishment)
________________________________ diffuse into the mothers blood for removal
Diffusion
Nutrients and Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide and other wastes

57. Placenta & Umbilical Cord
The mother’s blood NEVER mixes with the blood of the fetus!!
Why?

58. Placenta & Umbilical Cord
The placenta gets the nutrients
The nutrients travel through the umbilical cord to the fetus

59. Placenta & Diffusion
Whatever the mother takes in her body during pregnancy will diffuse into the growing fetus!
What does this mean:
Mother smokes  chemicals diffuse into fetus
Mother does drugs  drugs diffuse into fetus
Mother eats pizza  nutrients diffuse into fetus
Mother breathes oxygen  oxygen diffuses into fetus
Mother breathes carbon monoxide  CO diffuses into fetus
Mother drinks alcohol  alcohol diffuse into fetus

60. Placenta & Diffusion
If an adult smokes, it can cause cancer, poor circulation, and many other problems. What is damaged in cells from chemicals in cigarettes? Do you get as much oxygen per breath if you smoke?
This would be horrific for a developing fetus because cells are differentiating, meaning cells are growing and dividing into the actual tissues and major organs of the baby!!
If cell division is “messed up” organs will form incorrectly, not completely or not at all! Less oxygen = low birth weight!
Alcohol = #1 agent that causes defects
Alcohol shuts down adult livers!
Imagine the damage it can cause in a fetus

61. Do the data in the tables justify scientists' conclusions that alcohol causes physical abnormalities at birth by interfering with the normal development of the fetus? Defend your position with supporting data.

62. Baby is Born
Baby is born after 9 months in humans! The time the baby takes to develop is known as gestation.

63. If squeamish do not look After the baby is born, the placenta will come out the vagina a few minutes after the baby …here is what the placenta looks like after the baby is born