1. PowerPoint Authors: Susan Coomer Galbreath, Ph.D., CPA Charles W Caldwell, D.B.A., CMA Jon A. Booker, Ph.D., CPA, CIA Cynthia J. Rooney, Ph.D., CPA CHAPTER 13 ANALYZING FINANCIAL STATEMENTS McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2014 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. 13-2 UNDERSTANDING THE BUSINESS External Decision Makers Present and Potential Owners Investment Analysts Creditors Annual Report

3. 13-3 Industry Factors Economy-wide Factors Individual Company Factors Invest? NoYes THE INVESTMENT DECISION

4. 13-4 UNDERSTANDING A COMPANY’S STRATEGY I need to know if the company is trying to earn a high rate of return through product differentiation or cost differentiation.

5. 13-5 FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS Examines a single company to identify trends over time. Financial statement analysis is based on comparisons. Time series analysis Comparison with similar companies Provides insights concerning a company’s relative performance.

6. 13-6 COMPONENT PERCENTAGES Express each item on a particular statement as a percentage of a single base amount. Total assets on the balance sheet Net sales on the income statement The comparative income statements of Home Depot for 2012, 2011, and 2010 appear on the next slide. Prepare component percentage income statements where net sales equal 100%.

7. 13-7 Net Sales will be set to 100% and all other components will be expressed as a percentage of Net Sales.

8. 13-8 2012 Cost of Sales ÷ 2012 Net Sales $46,133 ÷ $70,395 =.655 or 65.5% 2012 Gross Profit ÷ 2012 Net Sales $24,262 ÷ $70,390 =.345 or 34.5% 2012 Selling, G&A ÷ 2012 Net Sales $16,028 ÷ $70,395 =.228 or 22.8% Net Sales will be set to 100% and all other components will be expressed as a percentage of Net Sales.

9. 13-9 COMPONENT PERCENTAGES

10. 13-10 COMMONLY USED RATIOS The 2012 and 2011 balance sheets for Home Depot are presented next. We will be referring to these financial statements throughout the ratio analyses. The 2012 and 2011 balance sheets for Home Depot are presented next. We will be referring to these financial statements throughout the ratio analyses. Home Depot

11. 13-11

12. 13-12

13. 13-13 TEST OF PROFITABILITY ─ RETURN ON EQUITY Return on Equity $3,883 ($17,898 + $18,889) ÷ 2 = = 21.1% Net Income Average Stockholders’ Equity Return on Equity = This measure indicates how much income was earned for every dollar invested by the owners. Profitability is a primary measure of the overall success of a company.

14. 13-14 TEST OF PROFITABILITY ─ RETURN ON ASSETS Return on Assets Net Income + Interest Expense (net of tax) Average Total Assets = Return on Assets $3,883 + ($606 × (1 -.34)) ($40,518 + $40,125) ÷ 2 = = 10.6% This ratio measures how well assets have been employed by the business. Many analysts consider this ratio as the best overall measure of a company’s profitability. Assume the corporate tax rate is 34%.

15. 13-15 TEST OF PROFITABILITY ─ FINANCIAL LEVERAGE PERCENTAGE Financial Leverage Percentage Return on Equity – Return on Assets = 10.5% = 21.1% – 10.6% Financial leverage is the advantage or disadvantage that occurs as the result of earning a return on equity that is different from the return on assets.

16. 13-16 TEST OF PROFITABILITY ─ EARNINGS PER SHARE (EPS) EPS $3,883 1,562 == $2.49 Earnings per share is probably the single most widely watched financial ratio. Average number of shares based on the number of shares at the beginning and end of the year. Net Income* Average Number of Shares Outstanding for the Period EPS = *If there are preferred dividends, the amount is subtracted from net income.

17. 13-17 TEST OF PROFITABILITY ─ QUALITY OF INCOME A ratio higher than 1 indicates high-quality earnings. Quality of Income Cash Flow from Operating Activities Net Income = $6,651 $3,883 = 1.71 Home Depot’s Quality of Income

18. 13-18 TEST OF PROFITABILITY ─ PROFIT MARGIN This ratio tells us the percentage of each sales dollar, on average, that represents income. Profit Margin Net Income Net Sales Revenue = = 5.5% Profit Margin $3,883 $70,395 =

19. 13-19 TEST OF PROFITABILITY ─ FIXED ASSET TURNOVER Fixed Asset Turnover $70,395 ($24,448 + $25,060) ÷ 2 == 2.84 Fixed Asset Turnover Net Sales Revenue Average Net Fixed Assets = This ratio measures a company’s ability to generate sales given an investment in fixed assets.

20. 13-20 TESTS OF LIQUIDITY ─ CASH RATIO Cash Ratio Cash + Cash Equivalents Current Liabilities ==0.21 to 1 Cash Ratio $1,987 $9,376 = This ratio measures the adequacy of available cash. Tests of liquidity focus on the relationship between current assets and current liabilities.

21. 13-21 TESTS OF LIQUIDITY ─ CURRENT RATIO Current Ratio Current Assets Current Liabilities = Current Ratio $14,520 $9,376 = =1.55 to 1 This ratio measures the ability of the company to pay current debts as they become due. This ratio measures the ability of the company to pay current debts as they become due.

22. 13-22 TESTS OF LIQUIDITY ─ QUICK RATIO (ACID TEST) Quick Assets Current Liabilities = Quick Ratio $3,232 $9,376 =0.35 to 1= Quick Ratio This ratio is like the current ratio but measures the company’s immediate ability to pay debts. This ratio is like the current ratio but measures the company’s immediate ability to pay debts.

23. 13-23 TESTS OF LIQUIDITY ─ RECEIVABLE TURNOVER Net Credit Sales Average Net Receivables Receivable Turnover = $70,395 ($1,245 + $1,085) ÷ 2 = 60.4 Times = This ratio measures how quickly a company collects its accounts receivable.

24. 13-24 TESTS OF LIQUIDITY ─ AVERAGE AGE OF RECEIVABLES Days in Year Receivable Turnover Average Age of Receivables = = 6.0 Days 365 60.4 Average Age of Receivables = This ratio measures the average number of days it takes to collect receivables.

25. 13-25 TESTS OF LIQUIDITY ─ INVENTORY TURNOVER Cost of Goods Sold Average Inventory Inventory Turnover = $46,133 ($10,325 + $10,625) ÷ 2 = 4.4 Times = This ratio measures how quickly the company sells its inventory.

26. 13-26 TESTS OF LIQUIDITY ─ AVERAGE DAYS’ SUPPLY IN INVENTORY Days in Year Inventory Turnover Average Days’ Supply in Inventory == 83 Days 365 4.4 = Average Days’ Supply in Inventory This ratio measures the average number of days it takes to sell the inventory.

27. 13-27 TESTS OF LIQUIDITY ─ ACCOUNTS PAYABLE TURNOVER RATIO Cost of Goods Sold Average Accounts Payable Accounts Payable Turnover = This ratio measures how quickly the company pays its accounts payable. $46,133 ($4,856 + $4,717) ÷ 2 = 9.6 Times = Accounts Payable Turnover

28. 13-28 This ratio indicates a margin of protection for creditors. TESTS OF SOLVENCY ─ TIMES INTEREST EARNED Net Interest Income Tax Income Expense Expense Interest Expense Times Interest Earned = ++ $3,883 + $606 + $2,185 $606 Times Interest Earned = = 11.0 Times Tests of solvency measure a company’s ability to meet its long-term obligations.

29. 13-29 Cash Coverage = $6,651 + $580 + $1,865 $580 = 15.7 This ratio compares the cash generated with the cash obligations of the period. Cash Coverage Cash Flow from Operating Activities Before Interest and Taxes Paid Interest Paid = TESTS OF SOLVENCY ─ CASH COVERAGE

30. 13-30 TESTS OF SOLVENCY ─ DEBT-TO- EQUITY RATIO This ratio measures the amount of liabilities that exists for each $1 invested by the owners. $22,620 $17,898 = 1.26= Debt-to-Equity Ratio Total Liabilities Stockholders’ Equity Debt-to-Equity Ratio =

31. 13-31 MARKET TESTS ─ PRICE/EARNINGS (P/E) RATIO P/E Ratio = Current Market Price Per Share Earnings Per Share P/E Ratio = $60 $2.49 = 24.1 This ratio measures the relationship between the current market price of the stock and its earnings per share. A recent price for Home Depot stock was $60 per share. Market tests relate the current market price of a share of stock to an indicator of the return that might accrue to the investor.

32. 13-32 MARKET TESTS ─ DIVIDEND YIELD RATIO Dividend Yield Dividends Per Share Market Price Per Share = Dividend Yield $1.16 $60 = = 1.9% This ratio is often used to compare the dividend-paying performance of different investment alternatives. Home Depot paid dividends of $1.16 per share when the market price was $60 per share.

33. 13-33 INTERPRETING RATIOS Ratios may be interpreted by comparison with ratios of other companies or with industry average ratios. Ratios may vary because of the company’s industry characteristics, nature of operations, size, and accounting policies. Ratios may be interpreted by comparison with ratios of other companies or with industry average ratios. Ratios may vary because of the company’s industry characteristics, nature of operations, size, and accounting policies.

34. 13-34 OTHER FINANCIAL INFORMATION In addition to financial ratios, special factors might affect company analysis: Rapid growth. Uneconomical expansion. Subjective factors. A securities market in which prices fully reflect available information is called an efficient market. In an efficient market, a company’s stock reacts quickly when new, relevant information is released about the company.

35. 13-35 END OF CHAPTER 13