1. Warm-Up: Galileo In 1992, the Roman Catholic Church righted a wrong it had inflicted upon a scientist in 1633. Pope John Paul II admitted that the Church had been wrong to bring Galileo Galilei before the Roman Inquisition for his scientific teachings. Galileo was shown the traditional instruments of torture used by the Inquisition. Then he was given the chance to recant (renounce) his views of heresy. Galileo was placed under house arrest in Florence for the rest of his life and forbidden to teach. In 1992, the Roman Catholic Church righted a wrong it had inflicted upon a scientist in 1633. Pope John Paul II admitted that the Church had been wrong to bring Galileo Galilei before the Roman Inquisition for his scientific teachings. Galileo was shown the traditional instruments of torture used by the Inquisition. Then he was given the chance to recant (renounce) his views of heresy. Galileo was placed under house arrest in Florence for the rest of his life and forbidden to teach. What did Galileo teach that was heresy to the church at that time? What did Galileo teach that was heresy to the church at that time?

2. Warm-Up: Philosopher Matchup 1. Voltaire 2. Baron de Montesquieu 3. Denis Diderot 4. Jean-Jacques Rousseau 5. John Locke a) Social Contract b) The Encyclopedia c) The Spirit of Laws d) Candide e) Two Treatises on Government

3. Warm-Up: Laissez-faire In 1776, a Scottish professor, Adam Smith, published Wealth of Nations. This book became the foundation for “laissez- faire” economics. In 1776, a Scottish professor, Adam Smith, published Wealth of Nations. This book became the foundation for “laissez- faire” economics. In 2-3 sentences, what is “laissez- faire”? How did it differ from mercantilism? In 2-3 sentences, what is “laissez- faire”? How did it differ from mercantilism?

4. TAKS Practice Question The scientific revolution began a slow but profound change in the way people viewed and studied the world. Which of the following expresses one of the major effects of the scientific revolution? The scientific revolution began a slow but profound change in the way people viewed and studied the world. Which of the following expresses one of the major effects of the scientific revolution? a) The scientific revolution began to erode beliefs in magical spells, witchcraft, and astrology. b) The scientific revolution had an immediate impact on agriculture and medicine. c) The scientific revolution created wealth and power for many scientists and thinkers. d) The scientific revolution was a major cause of social revolutions that followed it.

5. Chapter 17 Revolution & Enlightenment Chapter 17 Revolution & Enlightenment Section 1: The Scientific Revolution Section 2: The Enlightenment

6. Astronomy Ptolemy Ptolemy Geocentric: placed the earth at the center of the universe Geocentric: placed the earth at the center of the universe Copernicus Copernicus Heliocentric: placed the sun at the center of the universe; planets revolve around the sun; the moon revolved around the earth Heliocentric: placed the sun at the center of the universe; planets revolve around the sun; the moon revolved around the earth

7. Astronomy & Science Galileo (mathematics) Galileo (mathematics) Regularly observed the “heavens” using a telescope Regularly observed the “heavens” using a telescope Discovered mountains on the moon, four moons revolving around Jupiter and sunspots Discovered mountains on the moon, four moons revolving around Jupiter and sunspots Church ordered him to abandon his Copernican ideas Church ordered him to abandon his Copernican ideas

9. Newton Newton Principia: defined the 3 laws of motion Principia: defined the 3 laws of motion Universal Law of Gravity: every object is attracted to another object in the universe by gravity Universal Law of Gravity: every object is attracted to another object in the universe by gravity Astronomy & Science

10. Medicine Medicine William Harvey William Harvey On the Motion of the Heart and Blood said the heart was the beginning point of circulation On the Motion of the Heart and Blood said the heart was the beginning point of circulation Proved blood flows in both veins and arteries – makes a complete circuit Proved blood flows in both veins and arteries – makes a complete circuit Circulatory System

11. Robert Boyle Robert Boyle Boyle’s Law: properties of gas Boyle’s Law: properties of gas Proved volume of gas varies with the pressure exerted on it Proved volume of gas varies with the pressure exerted on it Founder of modern chemistry Founder of modern chemistry Medicine Medicine

12. Women in Science Margaret Cavendish Margaret Cavendish “We have no power at all over natural causes and effects…for man is but a small part, his powers are but particular actions of Nature, and he cannot have a supreme and absolute power.” “We have no power at all over natural causes and effects…for man is but a small part, his powers are but particular actions of Nature, and he cannot have a supreme and absolute power.” Point: man can not control nature, their surroundings Point: man can not control nature, their surroundings Maria Winkelmann Maria Winkelmann Discovery of the comet Discovery of the comet Applied for position of assistant astronomer at the Berlin Academy – rejected because she was a woman and had no degree Applied for position of assistant astronomer at the Berlin Academy – rejected because she was a woman and had no degree

13. Scientific Method Francis Bacon Francis Bacon A systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence A systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence Creating organized experiments to test hypotheses (theories) would lead to correct general principles Creating organized experiments to test hypotheses (theories) would lead to correct general principles

14. Reason Reason Descartes Descartes “I think, therefore I am” “I think, therefore I am” “The mind cannot be doubted but the body and material world can, the two must be radically different.” “The mind cannot be doubted but the body and material world can, the two must be radically different.” Separation of mind and matter (body) Separation of mind and matter (body) Modern rationalism: belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge Modern rationalism: belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge Father of Modern Philosophy

15. Philosophers Philosophers were writers, professors, journalists, etc. Philosophers were writers, professors, journalists, etc. Nobility and middle class Nobility and middle class Role of philosophy was to change the world Role of philosophy was to change the world

16. Voltaire Voltaire Belief in religious toleration Belief in religious toleration Deism: religious philosophy based on reason and natural law (creator of the universe) Deism: religious philosophy based on reason and natural law (creator of the universe)

17. Diderot Encyclopedia, or Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Trades (28 volumes) Encyclopedia, or Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Trades (28 volumes) Attacked religious superstition Attacked religious superstition Supported religious toleration Supported religious toleration

18. Economics Adam Smith Adam Smith Belief in free enterprise would benefit society Belief in free enterprise would benefit society Laissez-faire economics: state should leave economy alone Laissez-faire economics: state should leave economy alone 3 Roles of Government: 3 Roles of Government: Protection (Army) Protection (Army) Injustice (Police) Injustice (Police) Keeping up public works (roads) Keeping up public works (roads)

19. Montesquieu French nobility French nobility The Spirit of Laws studied 3 governments The Spirit of Laws studied 3 governments Republics: for small states Republics: for small states Despotism: for large states Despotism: for large states Monarchies: for moderate-size states Monarchies: for moderate-size states 3 branches of government 3 branches of government Separation of Powers Separation of Powers

20. Thomas Hobbes Leviathan (1651) Leviathan (1651) Life is not about morals, but self-preservation Life is not about morals, but self-preservation To save people from destroying one another, people must form a state by agreeing to be governed by an absolute ruler with complete power To save people from destroying one another, people must form a state by agreeing to be governed by an absolute ruler with complete power

21. John Locke Opposed absolute rule Opposed absolute rule Beliefs Beliefs People live in a state of freedom and equality People live in a state of freedom and equality People had natural rights – rights with which people are born People had natural rights – rights with which people are born People need to be reasonable towards government People need to be reasonable towards government Government should protect peoples rights Government should protect peoples rights If they don’t, the people have the right to overthrow the government If they don’t, the people have the right to overthrow the government

22. Rousseau Argued that people adopted laws and government to protect private property Argued that people adopted laws and government to protect private property Social Contract: when an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will Social Contract: when an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will

23. Mary Wollstonecraft Vindication of the Rights of Women Vindication of the Rights of Women Noted that the same people who argued that women must obey men also said that government based on the power of monarchs over their subjects was wrong Noted that the same people who argued that women must obey men also said that government based on the power of monarchs over their subjects was wrong Entitled to the same rights as men Entitled to the same rights as men

24. Reading & the French Salons Increased literacy due to more titles issued and the development of magazines Increased literacy due to more titles issued and the development of magazines Salon: elegant rooms in an urban house Salon: elegant rooms in an urban house Salons brought together writers, artists, aristocrats, government officials, and wealthy middle-class people Salons brought together writers, artists, aristocrats, government officials, and wealthy middle-class people

25. Religion in the Enlightenment Looking for a deeper devotion to God Looking for a deeper devotion to God Methodism – John Wesley Methodism – John Wesley Gave the lower & middle classes in English society a sense of purpose and community Gave the lower & middle classes in English society a sense of purpose and community Stressed the importance of hard work Stressed the importance of hard work

26. The Baroque Period During Catholic reform movement During Catholic reform movement Mixture of Renaissance ideals with spiritual feelings Mixture of Renaissance ideals with spiritual feelings Reflected search for power Reflected search for power Churches & Palaces were magnificent & richly detailed Churches & Palaces were magnificent & richly detailed

27. The Arts Ideas of the Enlightenment impacted the world of culture Ideas of the Enlightenment impacted the world of culture Baroque: bold ornamentation that expressed grandeur and power Baroque: bold ornamentation that expressed grandeur and power Rococo: emphasized grace, charm and gentle action Rococo: emphasized grace, charm and gentle action Delicate designs and graceful curves Delicate designs and graceful curves Pursued pleasure, happiness & love Pursued pleasure, happiness & love Sense of enchantment and enthusiasm Sense of enchantment and enthusiasm

28. Music Baroque Period Baroque Period Bach Bach German organist & composer German organist & composer Mass in B Minor Mass in B Minor Handel Handel German composer German composer Known for his religious music – Messiah Known for his religious music – Messiah Classical Period Classical Period Haydn Haydn Musical director Musical director The Creation and The Seasons The Creation and The Seasons Mozart Mozart Child prodigy; failed to make big financial gains – life was miserable Child prodigy; failed to make big financial gains – life was miserable The Marriage of Figaro, The Magic Flute, and Don Giovanni The Marriage of Figaro, The Magic Flute, and Don Giovanni

29. Johann Sebastian Bach Antonio Vivaldi – The Four Seasons George Frider Handel – The Messiah Baroque Musicians & Architecture

30. Rococo/Classical Musicians & Architecture Joseph HaydnWolfgang Amadeus Mozart – The Magic Flute Johann Sebastian Bach

31. William Shakespeare Brought culture to the masses Brought culture to the masses Elizabethan Literature: Universal genius combined language skills with deep insight into human psychology and the human condition Elizabethan Literature: Universal genius combined language skills with deep insight into human psychology and the human condition Romeo & Juliet

32. The Globe Theater

35. Ch.17 – Revolution & Enlightenment Section 3: The Impact of the Enlightenment

36. Enlightened Rulers Enlightened Absolutism Enlightened Absolutism Rulers… Rulers… Allow religious toleration, freedom of speech and of the press and the rights of private property Allow religious toleration, freedom of speech and of the press and the rights of private property Nurture the arts, sciences, and education Nurture the arts, sciences, and education Obey laws and enforce them fairly for all subjects Obey laws and enforce them fairly for all subjects

37. Prussia Frederick William I Strove to maintain a highly efficient bureaucracy Strove to maintain a highly efficient bureaucracy Doubled the army’s size – one of the best armies in Europe Doubled the army’s size – one of the best armies in Europe Believed in duty, obedience and sacrifice Believed in duty, obedience and sacrifice Frederick II Enlarged army and kept strict watch over bureaucracy Enlarged army and kept strict watch over bureaucracy Abolished the use of torture Abolished the use of torture Granted freedom of speech and press Granted freedom of speech and press Religious toleration Religious toleration

38. Austrian Empire Maria Theresa Difficult to rule because empire was large Difficult to rule because empire was large Worked to centralize the empire and strengthen the power of the state Worked to centralize the empire and strengthen the power of the state Not open to reform Not open to reform Joseph II Abolished serfdom Abolished serfdom Eliminated the death penalty Eliminated the death penalty Established the principle of equality for all Established the principle of equality for all Enacted religious reforms – religious toleration Enacted religious reforms – religious toleration Problem: alienated nobles by freeing the serfs – lost popularity Problem: alienated nobles by freeing the serfs – lost popularity

39. Russia Catherine the Great Catherine the Great Intelligent woman who seemed to favor enlightened Intelligent woman who seemed to favor enlightened Invited Diderot to Russia to help develop reforms Invited Diderot to Russia to help develop reforms Thought of his ideas as impractical Thought of his ideas as impractical Only considered equality for all Only considered equality for all Knew that success depended on support from Russian nobility Knew that success depended on support from Russian nobility