1. Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Feedback Loops Contemporary Theories Psychological Emphasis on psychological factors, such as early childhood experience and self-concept Biological Emphasis on biological processes (i.e., genetics) Social Emphasis on interpersonal relationships and social environment Feedback Loops

2. Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Disorder Vulnerability FactorTrigger Biological genes, disordered biochemistry, brain anomalies) onset of a disease, exposure to toxins, etc. Social maladaptive upbringing, chronic stress, etc. traumatic event, major loss, etc. Psychological unconscious conflicts, poor skills, maladaptive cognitions, etc, perceived loss of control, violation of trust, etc. Stress

3. Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2

4. Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Structural Theories Biochemical Theories Genetic Theories Abnormalities in the structure of the brain cause mental disorders Imbalances in the levels of neurotransmitters or hormones, or poor functioning of receptors cause mental disorders Disordered genes lead to mental disorders Biological Theories of Mental Disorders

5. Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Structural Causes of Dysfunction Can occur in three areas of the brain: Cerebrum Central core Limbic system Can result from injury, such as an automobile accident, and from diseases that cause deterioration.

6. Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Biochemical Causes of Abnormality The brain needs a number of chemicals to operate properly. Neurotransmitters are biochemical “messengers.” Reuptake occurs when the neuron which initially released the neurotransmitter into the synapse reabsorbs the neurotransmitter. Degradation occurs when the receiving neuron releases an enzyme into the synapse that breaks down the neurotransmitter into other biochemicals..

7. Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2

8. Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2

9. Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Behavior Genetics Questions 1. To what extent are behaviors or behavioral tendencies inherited? 2. What are the processes by which genes affect behavior?

10. Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Genetic Factors in Abnormality Chromosomes are made up of individual genes. Alterations Alterations in the structure or number of chromosomes can cause major defects. Polygenic process: it takes multiple genetic abnormalities to create one disorder.

11. Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Family History Studies Identify people who clearly have the disorder in question – probands. Researchers are most interested in first- degree relatives.

12. Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Psychodynamic Theories Behavioral Theories Cognitive Theories Unconscious conflicts between primitive desires and constraints of mental illness Symptoms of mental disorders due to reinforcements and punishments for specific behaviors and feelings People’s ways of interpreting situations, their assumptions about the world and self-concepts can cause negative feelings / behaviors Humanist and Existential Theories Conform to demands of others instead Of perusing own values and potentials Psychological Theories of Mental Disorders

13. Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Id Ego Superego Pleasure principle, primary process (wish fulfillment) Reality principle, secondary process thinking (rational deliberation) Introject (internalize) social standards. Conscience and ego ideal Psychodynamic Theories Developed by Freud

14. Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2

15. Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Psychosexual Stages StagesAge Oral 0-18 months Anal 18 months to three years Phallic Three to six years Latency Six years to puberty Genital Puberty to adulthood

16. Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Newer Psychodynamic Theories: Object Relations Stages Undifferentiated Symbiosis Splitting Separation/Individuation Integration

17. Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Behavioral Theories of Abnormality Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Modeling and Observational Learning Observational Learning

18. Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Cognitive Theories of Abnormality Types of cognition Causal attributions Control beliefs Dysfunctional assumptions

19. Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Humanistic and Existential Theories of Abnormality Suggest that all humans strive to fulfill their potential for good and to self-actualize. The inability to fulfill one’s potential arises from the pressures of society to conform to others’ expectations and values, and from existential anxiety.

20. Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Some Common Global Dysfunctional Assumptions I should be loved by everyone for everything I do. Once something affects my life, it will affect it forever. I must have perfect self control. It is better to avoid problems than to face them. I should be terribly upset by certain situations.

21. Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2

22. Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Sociocultural Approaches Focus more on the larger social structures within which an individual lives.

23. Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Interpersonal Theories Family Systems Theories Social Structural Theories Mental disorders result of long- standing patterns of negative relationships that have roots in early caregivers Families create and maintain mental disorders in individual family members to maintain homeostasis. Societies create mental disorders in individuals by putting them under unbearable stress and by sanctioning abnormal behavior Sociocultural Approaches, continued

24. Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Sociocultural Approaches: Interpersonal Theory Alfred Adler split with Freud’s teachings and helped developed contemporary interpersonal theories. Erik Erikson proposed a series of stages of psychosocial development that are not concerned with the gratification of sexual needs. Harry Stack Sullivan developed prototypes; “bad me” “good me” and “not me” images of self. John Bowlby argued that the quality of the attachment to our caregivers determines our expectations for ourselves and our relationships.

25. Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Sociocultural Approaches: Family Systems Theory The family is a complex system that works to maintain the status quo, or homeostasis. Roots of disorder are within the family, not the individual. Family systems theories may be more applicable to treatment of children since they are more enmeshed in the family than other members of the family.

26. Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Sociocultural Approaches: Social Structures Theory Society increases stress on individuals, leading to disorders. Some people live in more chronically stressful circumstances than others, and these people appear to be at greater risk (Gabrino, 1995; NAMHC, 1996). Society influences the types of psychopathy by having rules about what types of abnormal behavior are acceptable and in what circumstances.