1. LIGO-India An Indo-US joint mega-project concept proposal IndIGO Consortium (Indian Initiative in Gravitational-wave Observations) www.gw-indigo.org Tarun Souradeep, IUCAA (Spokesperson, IndIGO)

2. LIGO-India: Salient points of the megaproject On Indian Soil with International Cooperation (no competition) Partner in major science discovery!!! (i.e., Shared science risk with the International community.) AdvLIGO setup & initial setup risks primarily rests with USA. – AdvLIGO-USA precedes LIGO-India by > 2 years. – Vacuum 10 yr of operation in initial LIGO  2/3 vacuum enclosure + 1/3 detector assembly split (US ‘costing’ : manpower and h/ware costs) – Indian expters can contribute to AdvLIGO-USA : opportunity without primary responsibility US hardware contribution funded & ready – AdvLIGO largest NSF project funded in USA – LIGO-India needs NSF approval, but not additional funds from USA Expenditure almost completely in Indian labs & Industry Very significant Industrial capability upgrade. Well defined training plan  Large number of highly trained HRD Major data analysis centre for the entire LIGO network

3. Schematic Optical Design of Advanced LIGO detectors LASER AEI, Hannover Germany Suspension GEO, UK Reflects International cooperation Basic nature of GW Astronomy

4. LIGO labs  LIGO-India ? LIGO-India: unique once-in-a-generation opportunity

5. Courtesy: Stan Whitcomb5 Advanced LIGO Laser Designed and contributed by Albert Einstein Institute, Germany Much higher power (to beat down photon shot noise) – 10W  180W (narrow sub kHz line width) Better stability – 10x improvement in intensity (nano ppm) and frequency stability (mHz) Unique globally. Well beyond current Indian capability. Would require years of focused R &D effort. Both power and frequency stability ratings. AdvLIGO laser has spurred RRCAT to envisage planning development of similar laser capability in the next 5 year plans. IIT M group also interested. Multiple applications of narrow line width laser : Freq time stand, precision metrology, Quantum key distribution, high sensitivity seismic sensors (geo sc.), coherence LIDAR (atm sc.), ….

6. Courtesy: Stan Whitcomb6 Advanced LIGO Mirrors Larger size – 11 kg  40 kg, 25  34 cm Smaller figure error – 0.7 nm  0.35 nm Lower absorption – 2 ppm  0.5 ppm Lower coating thermal noise Feb 2011 Status All substrates delivered Polishing underway Reflective Coating process starting up Surface specs ( /1000) : 100 x best optical telescope Surface specs currently available in India for much smaller sizes /20 Indian industry may now be challenged to achieve on small scale, eg., for TIFR 3m prototype Technology for such mirror useful for high optical metrology and other specialized applications

7. Courtesy: Stan Whitcomb 7 Advanced LIGO Seismic Isolation Two-stage six-degree-of-freedom active isolation – Low noise sensors, Low noise actuators – Digital control system to blend outputs of multiple sensors, tailor loop for maximum performance – Low frequency cut-off: 40 Hz  10 Hz Unique design New benchmark for isolation experiments in India : gravitation, Space sensor appls.… Application in various industrial and lab test centers

8. Courtesy: Stan Whitcomb8 Advanced LIGO Suspensions UK designed and contributed test mass suspensions Silicate bonds create quasi- monolithic pendulums using ultra-low loss fused silica fibres to suspend interferometer optics – Pendulum Q ~10 5  ~10 8 – resonance subHz – suppression 1/f^4 per stage (6 stages) 8 40 kg silica test mass four stages

9. “Quantum measurements” to improve further via squeezed light: Potential technology spin-offs will impact quantum computing and quantum key distribution (QKD) for secure communications. (IITM approached by ITI for QKD development.) New ground for optics and communication technology in India High Potential to draw the best Indian UG students, typically interested in theoretical physics, into experimental science !!! LIGO-India: unique once-in-a-generation opportunity

10. LIGO-India : Expected Indian Contribution LIGO-India: … the challenges

11. Indian contribution in Engineering. & infrastructure:  Ultra-high Vacuum enclosure on large scale (1.)  Site (L-configuration: Each 100-200 m x 4.5km: < 300 acres) (4.)  HPC -Data centre (5.) LIGO-India: … the challenges

12. Indian contribution in human resources:  Trained Scientific & engineering manpower for detector assembly, installation and commissioning (2.)  Trained SE manpower for LIGO-India sustained operations for next 10 years (3.)  Major enhancement of Data Analysis team. Seek Consolidated IndIGO participation in LIGO Science Collab. (Sept 2011)  Expand theory and create numerical relativity simulation. Expect hiring in premier institutions LIGO-India: … the challenges

13. LIGO-India : Vacuum structure & engineering LIGO-India: … the challenges

14. 1. Large scale ultra-high Vacuum enclosure S.K. Shukla (RRCAT), A.S. Raja Rao (ex RRCAT), S. Bhatt (IPR), Ajai Kumar (IPR) To be fabricated by Industry with designs from LIGO. A pumped volume of 10000m 3 (10Mega-litres), evacuated to an ultra high vacuum of nano-torr (10 -9 torr ). Courtesy: Stan Whitcomb Spiral weld UHV beam tubes 1.2 m dia: 20 m sections. Sections butt welded to 200m UHV Optical tanks to house mirrors : end, beam splitter,… Expansion Bellows btw 200m beam sections, 1 m gate valves

15. LIGO-G1100108-v1 LIGO Vacuum Equipment Courtesy: Stan Whitcomb Large vacuum chamber fabrication under stringent UHV requirement Significant capability upgrade for Indian industry Comparable, but smaller UHV chambers in IPR facility

16. LIGO-G1100108-v1 LIGO Beam Tube LIGO beam tube under construction in January 1998 16 m spiral welded sections girth welded in portable clean room in the field 1.2 m diameter - 3mm stainless 50 km of weld NO LEAKS !! (10Mega-litres at nano-torr) Major Engg. Challenge Unprecedented scale Courtesy: Stan Whitcomb Constructed > 1 decade back. Operating in Initial LIGO for ~10yrs

17. LIGO-G1100108-v1 Concrete Arches beamtube transport beamtube install girth welding Beam Tube Construction Courtesy: Stan Whitcomb

18. LIGO-G1100108-v1 IndIGO - ACIGA meeting 18 LIGO beam tube enclosure minimal enclosure reinforced concrete no services Courtesy: Stan Whitcomb

19. Fabricated and installed by Indian Industry under close monitoring by science & technology team o Oversee the procurement & fabrication of the vacuum system components and its installation by a national multi-institutional team. o DAE commitment to LIGO-India  Intense participation of RRCAT & IPR possible. o All vacuum components such as flanges, gate-valves, pumps, residual gas analyzers and leak detectors will be bought. o Companies L&T, Fullinger, HindHiVac, Godrej, … with close support from RRCAT, IPR and LIGO Lab. Preliminary detailed discussions with Industry in Feb 2011 : Companies like HHV, Fullinger, Godrej in consultation with Stan Whitcomb (LIGO), D. Blair (ACIGA) since this was a major IndIGO deliverable to LIGO- Australia. Preliminary Costing for LIGO-India vacuum component is 400 cr. Summary: Large scale ultra-high Vacuum

20. LIGO-G1100108-v1 Detector Installation using Cleanrooms Chamber access through large doors Courtesy: Stan Whitcomb

21. LIGO-G1100108-v1 Optics Installation Under Cleanroom Conditions Courtesy: Stan Whitcomb High precision skills Low contamination labs & trained manpower for related Indian labs & industry Application in other sciences, eg. Material sciences, Space, biotech,…

22. LIGO-India : Detector Assembly & commisionning LIGO-India: … the challenges

23. 2. Detector Assembly & Commissioning For installation and commissioning phase: Identify 10-15 core experienced Enggs. & scientists who spend a year, or more, at Advanced LIGO-USA during its install. & comm. – LIGO proposal document – Already 1 IndIGO post-doc at LIGO Caltech, another under consideration in LIGO and EGO – Need positions back in India for them! (Once project manpower sanctioned, LIGO-India project hiring required at institutions like RRCAT, TIFR, IUCAA,….) 6-10 full time engineers and scientists in India. Present experimental expertise within IndIGO Laser ITF: TIFR, RRCAT, IITM, IIT K. UH Vacuum: RRCAT, IPR, (TIFR, IUCNS, new IUCs? ) Each group can scale to 10 Post-doc/PhD students. Over 2-3 years. Train on 3-m prototype.

24. LIGO-India : Trained Manpower generation and sustenance LIGO-India: … the challenges

25. 3. Manpower generation for sustenance of LIGO-India : Preliminary Plans & exploration Advanced LIGO USA will have a lead time over LIGO-India Indian personnel trained in USA bring expertise to LIGO-India and build groups using associated training program. (DST /Academy/… programs, e.g, BOYSCAST, Ramanujan may be helpful, perhaps not sufficient.) IndIGO Summer internships in International labs underway (2 nd year). o High UG applications 30/40 each year from IIT, IISER, NISERS,.. o 2 summers, 10 students, 1 starting PhD at LIGO-MIT o Plans to extend to participating National labs to generate more experimenters IndIGO schools are planned annually to expose students to emerging opportunity in GW science o 1 st IndIGO school in Dec 2010 in Delhi Univ. (thru IUCAA) o Funded ICTS Cosmology & GW school in IUCAA, Dec 2011 Training school (Jayant Narlikar) & also Post graduate school specialization course

26. Indo-US centre for Gravitational Physics and Astronomy Centre of IUSSTF (Indo-US Science and Technology Forum ) Exchange program to fund mutual visits and facilitate interaction. Nodal centres: IUCAA, India & Caltech, US. Institutions: Indian: IUCAA, TIFR, IISER, DU, CMI - PI: Tarun Souradeep, IUCAA US: Caltech, WSU - PI: Rana Adhikari, Caltech APPROVED for funding (Dec 2010)

27. Requirements: Low seismicity Low human generated noise Air connectivity Proximity to Academic institutions, labs, industry preferred, … LIGO-India: … the challenges 4. Indian Site Preliminary exploration: IISc new campus & adjoining campuses near Chitra Durga low seismicity Solid rock base 1hr from International airport Bangalore: science & tech hub National science facilities complex plans  power and other infrastructure availability, ….

28.  Primary Science: Online Coherent search for GW signal from binary mergers using data from global detector network Coherent  4 x event rate (40  160 /yr for NS-NS)  Role of IndIGO data centre  Large Tier-2 data/compute centre for archival of GW data and analysis  Bring together data-analysts within the Indian science community.  Puts IndIGO on the global map for international collaboration with LIGO Science Collab. wide facility. Part of the LSC participation by IndIGO  Large University sector participation via IUCAA 200 Tflops peak capability (by 2014) Storage: 4x100TB per year per interferometer. Network: gigabit+ backbone, National Knowledge Network Gigabit dedicatedlink to LIGO lab Caltech 20 Tf 200 Tb funded IUCAA : ready Mid 2012 5. IndIGO Data Centre@IUCAA Anand Sengupta, DU, IndIGO

29. LIGO-India: … what is needed? Organizational  National level DST-DAE Consortium Flagship Mega-project  Identify a lead institution and agency  Project leader  Construction: Substantial Engg project building Indian capability in large vacuum system engg, welding techniques and technology  Complex Project must be well-coordinated and effectively carried out in time and meeting the almost zero-tolerance specs  Train manpower for installation & commissioning  Generate & sustain manpower running for 10 years.  Site  short lead time  International competition (LIGO-Argentina ??) Technical  vacuum enclosure (tubes & end station)  Detector assembly and commissioning  Data centre

30. Home ground advantage !!! Once in a generation opportunity Threshold of discovery and launch of a new observational window in human history !! Century after Einstein GR, 40 yrs of Herculean global effort Cooperative, not competitive science India at the forefront of GW science with 2 nd generation of detectors: Intl. shared science risks and credit Low project risk: commit to established tech. yet are able to take on challenges of advLIGO (opportunity without primary responsibility) Attain high technology gains for Indian labs & industries India pays true tribute to fulfilling Chandrasekhar’s legacy: ”Astronomy is the natural home of general relativity” An unique once-in-a-generation opportunity for India. India could play a key role in Intl. Science by hosting LIGO-India. Deserves National mega-science project status Concluding remarks on LIGO India “Every single technology they’re touching they’re pushing, and there’s a lot of different technologies they’re touching.” (Beverly Berger, National Science Foundation Program director for gravitational physics. )

31. LIGO-India: Action points If accepted as a National Flagship Mega Project under the 12 th plan then… Seek immediate Seed Grant (50 lacs: now-Mar 2012) Identification of 3-6 project leader & team building – Detailed Project Proposal (prior to NSF review Dec 30, 2011) – Site identification, characterization (& acquisition) procedures – 1 st national Staffing Requirement meeting early Aug 2011. – 2 nd Joint Staffing Meeting with LIGO-Lab before seeking formal NSF approval. – Vacuum Task related team and early plans. Identify and mobilize industry and lab partnership & training with work package demonstration Thank you !!!

32. LIGO-India: … the challenges LIGO-India: Project team requirements LIGO-India Director Project manager Project engineering staff: Civil engineer(s) Vacuum engineer(s) Systems engineer(s), Mechanical engineers Electronics engineers Software engineers Detector leader Project system engineer Detector subsystem leaders 10-15 talented scientists or research engineers with interest and knowledge collectively spanning: Lasers and optical devices, Optical metrology, handling and cleaning, Precision mechanical structures, Low noise electronics, Digital control systems and electro-mechanical servo design, Vacuum cleaning and handling)

33. Indian Gravitational wave strengths Very good students and post-docs produced in Indian GW groups over 20yrs. * Leaders in GW research abroad [Sathyaprakash, Bose, Mohanty] (3) * Recently returned to faculty positions at premier Indian institutions (6) – Gopakumar (Jena  TIFR) and Arun (Virgo  CMI) : PN modeling, dynamics of CB, Ap and cosmological implications of parameter estimation – Rajesh Nayak (UTB  IISER K), Archana Pai (AEI  IISER T), Anand Sengupta (LIGO, Caltech  Delhi), Sanjit Mitra (JPL  IUCAA ): Extensive experience on single and multi-detector detection, hierarchical techniques, noise characterisation schemes, veto techniques for GW transients, bursts, continuous and stochastic sources, radiometric methods, … – P. Ajith (Caltech, LIGO/TAPIR  ? ) …… – Sukanta Bose (Faculty UW, USA  ?) Strong Indian presence in GW Astronomy with Global detector network  broad international collaboration is the norm  relatively easy to get people back. Close interactions with Rana Adhikari (Caltech), B.S. Sathyaprakash (Cardiff), Sukanta Bose ( WU, Pullman)  India ?, Soumya Mohanty (UTB), Badri Krishnan ( AEI) …

34. Logistics and Preliminary Plan Assumption: Project taken up by DAE as a National Mega Flagship Project. All the persons mentioned who are currently working in their centers would be mainly in a supervisory role of working on the project during the installation phase and training manpower recruited under the project who would then transition into the operating staff. Instrument Engineering: No manpower required for design and development activity. For installation and commissioning phase and subsequent operation Laser ITF: Unnikrishnan, Sendhil Raja, Anil Prabhaker. TIFR, RRCAT, IITM. 10 Post-doc/Ph.D students. Over 2-3 years. Spend a year at Advanced LIGO. 6 full time engineers and scientists. If project sanctioned, manpower sanctioned, LIGO- India project hiring at RRCAT, TIFR, other insitututions/Labs.

35. 42 persons (10 PhD/postdocs, 22 scientists/engineers and 10 technicians) Mobile Clean rooms: – Movable tent type clean rooms during welding of the beam tubes and assembly of the system. Final building a clean room with AC and pressurization modules. SAC, ISRO. 1 engineer and 2 technicians to draw specs for the clean room equipments & installation. Vibration isolation system: 2 engineers (precision mechanical) – install and maintain the system. Sourced from BARC. RED (Reactor Engineering Division of BARC) has a group that works on vibration measurement, analysis and control in reactors and turbo machinery. Electronic Control System: 4 Engineers – install and maintain the electronics control and data acquisition system. Electronics & Instrumentation Group at BARC (G. P. Shrivastava’s group) and RRCAT. – Preliminary training:six months at LIGO. Primary responsibility (installing and running the electronics control and data acquisition system): RRCAT & BARC. Additional activity for LIGO-India can be factored in XII plan if the approvals come in early. Logistics and Preliminary Plans

36. … Logistics and Preliminary Plans Teams at Electronics & Instrumentation Groups at BARC may be interested in large instrumentation projects in XII plan. Control software Interface: 2 Engineers – install and maintain the computer software interface, distributed networking and control system). RRCAT and BARC. Computer software interface (part of the data acquisition system) and is the “Human- machine-interface” for the interferometer. For seamless implementation man power to be sourced from teams implementing Electronic Control System. Site Selection & Civil Construction – BARC Seismology Division Data reg. seismic noise at various DAE sites to do initial selection of sites and shortlist based on other considerations such as accessibility and remoteness from road traffic etc. DAE: Directorate of Construction, services and Estate Management (DCSEM): Co-ordinate design and construction of the required civil structures required for the ITF. 2 engineers + 3 technicians (design & supervision of constructions at site). Construction contracted to private construction firm under supervision of DCSEM.

37. LIGO-India vs. Indian-IGO ? Primary advantage: LIGO-India Provides cutting edge instrumentation & technology to jump start GW detection and astronomy. Would require at least a decade of focused & sustained technology developments in Indian laboratories and industry 180 W Nd:YAG: 5 years; – Operation and maintenance should benefit further development in narrow line width lasers. – Applications in high resolution spectroscopy, – precision interferometry and metrology. Input conditioning optics..Expensive..No Indian manufacturer with such specs Seismic isolation (BCE,HAM).. Minimum 2 of years of expt and R&D. – Experience in setting up and maintaining these systems  know how for isolation in critical experiments such as in optical metrology, AFM/Microscopy, gravity experiments etc. 10 interferometer core optics.. manufacturing optics of this quality and develop required metrology facility : At least 5 to 7 years of dedicated R&D work in optical polishing, figuring and metrology. Five quadruple stage large optics suspensions systems.. 3-4 years of development.. Not trivial to implement. – Benefit other physics experiments working at the quantum limit of noise.

38. LIGO-India: unique once-in-a-generation opportunity LIGO labs  LIGO-India 180 W pre-stabilized Nd:YAG laser 10 interferometer core optics (test masses, folding mirrors, beam splitter, recycling mirrors) Input condition optics, including electro-optic modulators, Faraday isolators, a suspended mode-cleaner (12-m long mode-defining cavity), and suspended mode-matching telescope optics. 5 "BSC chamber" seismic isolation systems (two stage, six degree of freedom, active isolation stages capable of ~200 kg payloads) 6 "HAM Chamber" seismic isolation systems (one stage, six degree of freedom, active isolation stages capable of ~200 kg payloads) 11 Hydraulic External Pre-Isolation systems Five quadruple stage large optics suspensions systems Triple stage suspensions for remaining suspended optics Baffles and beam dumps for controlling scattering and stray radiation Optical distortion monitors and thermal control/compensation system for large optics Photo-detectors, conditioning electronics, actuation electronics and conditioning Data conditioning and acquisition system, software for data acquisition Supervisory control and monitoring system, software for all control systems Installation tooling and fixturing

39. LIGO-India: Salient points of the megaproject On Indian Soil will draw and retain science & tech. manpower International Cooperation, not competition LIGO-India success critical to the success of the global GW science effort. Complete Intl support Shared science risk with International community  Shared historical, major science discovery credit !!! AdvLIGO setup & initial challenge/risks primarily rests with USA. – AdvLIGO-USA precedes LIGO-India by > 2 years. – India sign up for technically demonstrated/established part (>10 yr of operation in initial LIGO )  2/3 vacuum enclosure + 1/3 detector assembly split (US ‘costing’ : manpower and h/ware costs) – However, allows Indian scientist to collaborate on highly interesting science & technical challenges of Advanced LIGO-USA ( *** opportunity without primary responsibility ***) Expenditure almost completely in Indian labs & Industry huge potential for landmark technical upgrade in all related Indian Industry Well defined training plan core Indian technical team thru Indian postdoc in related exptal areas participation in advLIGO-USA installation and commissioning phase, cascade to training at Indian expt. centers Major data analysis centre for the entire LIGO network with huge potential for widespread University sector engagement. US hardware contribution funded & ready advLIGO largest NSF project, LIGO-India needs NSF approval but not additional funds

40. Advanced LIGO Take advantage of new technologies and on-going R&D >> Active anti-seismic system operating to lower frequencies: (Stanford, LIGO) >> Lower thermal noise suspensions and optics : (GEO ) >> Higher laser power 10 W  180 W (Hannover group, Germany) >> More sensitive and more flexible optical configuration: Signal recycling Design: 1999 – 2010 : 10 years of high end R & D internationally. Construction: Start 2008; Installation 2011; Completion 2015

41. 1. Large scale ultra-high Vacuum enclosure S.K. Shukla (RRCAT), A.S. Raja Rao (ex RRCAT), S. Bhatt (IPR), Ajai Kumar (IPR) To be fabricated by Industry with designs from LIGO. A pumped volume of 10000m 3 (10Mega-litres), evacuated to an ultra high vacuum of 10 -9 torr (pico-m Hg). o Spiral welded beam tubes 1.2m in diameter and 20m length. o Butt welding of 20m tubes together to 200m length. o Butt welding of expansion bellows between 200m tubes. o Gate valves of 1m aperture at the 4km tube ends and the middle. o Optics tanks, to house the end mirrors and beam splitter/power and signal recycling optics vacuum pumps. o Gate valves and peripheral vacuum components. o Baking and leak checking Courtesy: Stan Whitcomb

42. LIGO-G1100108-v1 HAM Chamber Courtesy: Stan Whitcomb

43. 1. Large scale ultra-high Vacuum enclosure S.K. Shukla (RRCAT), A.S. Raja Rao (ex RRCAT), S. Bhatt (IPR), Ajai Kumar (IPR) To be fabricated by Industry with designs from LIGO. A pumped volume of 10000m 3 (10Mega-litres), evacuated to an ultra high vacuum of 10 -9 torr (pico-m Hg). o Spiral welded beam tubes 1.2m in diameter and 20m length. o Butt welding of 20m tubes together to 200m length. o Butt welding of expansion bellows between 200m tubes. o Gate valves of 1m aperture at the 4km tube ends and the middle. o Optics tanks, to house the end mirrors and beam splitter/power and signal recycling optics vacuum pumps. o Gate valves and peripheral vacuum components. o Baking and leak checking Courtesy: Stan Whitcomb

44. IndIGO 3m Prototype Detector Funded by TIFR Mumbai on campus (2010) PI: C. S. Unnikrishnan (Cost ~ INR 2.5 crore)