1. Eukaryotic Cell Structure
7.2
Biology
Mr. Hines

2. Comparing the cell to a factory
In order for a cell to maintain its internal environment (homeostasis), many things must go on.
This is similar to a factory. Things come and go in and out of a factory in an orderly fashion.
Things come and go in cells too, they are just very small.

3. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Section 7-1
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Prokaryotic Cell
Nucleus
Eukaryotic Cell
Organelles

4. There are many structures in cells which perform different tasks
There are many structures in cells which perform different tasks. These structures are called organelles.
Organelle - specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell
Cells are divided up into 2 main sections.
a. cytoplasm - material inside the cell membrane—not including the nucleus
b. nucleus - Control center of cell containing DNA

5. Nucleus
The nucleus contains nearly all the cell’s DNA and with it the coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules
The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear envelope composed of 2 membranes.
The nuclear membrane contains thousands of pores which allow materials to flow in and out.
The nucleus controls what goes on in the cell by sending chemical instructions through this membrane

7. The granular material inside of the nucleus is called chromatin
The granular material inside of the nucleus is called chromatin. Chromatin is made of DNA wound around proteins.
When the cell is about to divide, the chromatin coils up into chromosomes.

8. The nucleus also contains a smaller structure called the nucleolus.
The nucleolus is a dense region where the assembly of ribosomes begins.

9. Ribosomes
One of the most important functions in a cell is the production of proteins.
Ribosomes are small particles of RNA and Protein.
Ribsomes make proteins. They do this by following coded instructions from the nucleus (the boss)
Ribsomes are found in the cytoplasm and on the Endoplasmic reticulum.

10. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
The endoplasmic reticulum is the site where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials that are exported from the cell.
There are 2 kinds of ER
a. Smooth ER – does not have ribosomes
b. Rough ER – does have ribosomes

11. When ribosomes located on the rough ER make protein, the proteins are moved inside to the ER where it is chemically modified and sent to its needed location.
The smooth ER creates lipids for the cell membrane and detoxifies various chemicals.

14. Golgi Apparatus
The golgi apparatus is composed of stacks of membranes.
The function of the golgi apparatus is to modify, sort, and package proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell.

16. Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape. The cytoskeleton is also involved in movement.
There are 2 componets of the cytoskeleton
Microtubules – hollow tubes made of proteins
Microfiliments – threadlike structures made of protein
Microtubles and microfiliments are used by microorganisms to move. (cilia and flagella)

18. Lysosomes
Lysosomes are small organelles filled with enzymes (proteins)
Lysosomes sort of clean up the cell.
Lysosomes breakdown macromolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins into their monomers so they can be reused somewhere else.
Lysosomes will also disassemble organelles that are no longer useful to the cell.

19. Centrioles
Centrioles are structures made of proteins that help control the process of cell division.
Centrioles are not found in plant cells.

21. Mitochondria Mitochondria are located all over a cell’s cytoplasm.
Mitochondria convert the chemical energy stored in carbohydrates into simple compounds so the energy can be used.
Mitochondria is also called the “powerhouse” of the cell because it provides energy.

22. 2 interesting facts.
Where did you get your mitochondria? From mom or dad? When the sperm fertilizes the egg, the sperm cell donates only DNA and no mitochondria. Your mitochondria are all from mom
2. Mitochondria have their own DNA and can reproduce themselves. It is theorized that before the time of living cells, mitochondria existed alone

25. Figure 7-11 Cytoskeleton Cell membrane Endoplasmic reticulum
Section 7-2
Cell membrane
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Microtubule
Microfilament
Ribosomes
Mitochondrion

26. Plant cell organelles
Plants have 2 organelles that are not found in animal cells.
Chloroplasts
Vacuole
Cell Wall

27. Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts are organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and covert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis (create carbohydrates)
Chloroplasts are located in the cytoplasm of plant cells, some protists, and some bacteria.
Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll

28. 1 interesting fact.
Chloroplasts have their own DNA and can reproduce themselves. It is theorized that before the time of living cells, chloroplasts existed alone

31. Vacuoles
Vacuoles are membrane bound organelles that store carbohydrates, proteins, salts, or water.

33. Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Section 7-2
Centrioles
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Nuclear
envelope
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Smooth
Mitochondrion
Cell
Membrane
Ribosome
(free)
(attached)
Animal Cell

34. Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Section 7-2
Nuclear
envelope
Ribosome
(attached)
(free)
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Nucleus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleolus
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Cell wall
Cell
Membrane
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Plant Cell