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2. Cell Theory All know living things are made up of cells Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things All cells come from pre- existing cells C C llll iiii pppp 2

3. Robert Hooke-1665 First to see cells. First to see cells. First to use the word “cells”- named for the places that monks sleep in monastery First to use the word “cells”- named for the places that monks sleep in monastery Built first microscope Built first microscope 3

4. Theodor Schwann 1839 Concluded that all animals are made up of cells 4 Matthias Schleiden 1839 Concluded that all plant cells are made up of cells

5. Two basic Types of Cells 5

6. Prokaryotic Cells DO HAVE Cell membrane Ribosomes DNA DO NOT HAVE Organelles Nucleus Are all singled celled organisms. Thought of as more ancient life forms…they came 1 st ! 6

7. Eukaryotic Cells Have organelles. Have organelles. Singled-celled or multicellular organisms! Singled-celled or multicellular organisms! 2 Types: Plant and Animal 2 Types: Plant and Animal 7

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9. Basic Cell Structure Cells come in many different shapes and sizes. Cells come in many different shapes and sizes. Like bricks in a building, cells make up all living things Like bricks in a building, cells make up all living things Clip Clip Clip 9

10. The Cell Membrane The outside of ALL cells are surrounded by a membrane made of phospholipids. Nickname: “The gatekeeper” 10

11. Membrane Structure There are proteins “stuck” in the membrane that help get things into and out of the cells. They also help to get messages into the cell. 11

12. The Membrane is a lipid bilayer. 12

13. How do molecules get into and out of a cell? 13

14. Transport through the membrane Two types – Passive Transport Energy input NOT required Energy input NOT required – Active Transport Energy input required Energy input required 14

15. Passive Transport Protein Moves material from High Concentration to Low concentration 15 3 types of Passive Transport 1.Diffusion 2.Osmosis 3.Facilitated Diffusion

16. Diffusion Movement of molecules from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration Always higher to lower! No energy input required! 16

17. Osmosis:Diffusion of water through a cell membrane 17

18. Types of solutions: The direction in which the water moves is determined by the type of solution. Types of solutions: The direction in which the water moves is determined by the type of solution. Remember water runs downhill! Remember water runs downhill! From high concentration to low concentration. From high concentration to low concentration. 18

19. 3 types of Solutions 19

20. What types of solution? Hypertonic Or Hypotonic

21. High Concentration Low Concentration Cell Membrane bilayer Glucose molecules Protein channel Facilitated Diffusion Particles moved with the help of membrane proteins 21

22. Active Transport Energy is required. Energy is required. Need ATP- the universal energy molecule. Need ATP- the universal energy molecule. Low to high concentration Low to high concentration Energy is required. Energy is required. Need ATP- the universal energy molecule. Need ATP- the universal energy molecule. Low to high concentration Low to high concentration 22

23. Ways to get molecules into andout of a cell with active transport Some molecules are too large to get through the membrane. WWWW eeee bbbb ssss iiii tttt eeee 1. E ndocytosis Into xocytosis Out of 23

24. ENDOCYTOSISENDOCYTOSISENDOCYTOSISENDOCYTOSIS 21

25. Inside of the cell Outside of the cell Exocytosis 22

26. Cell Structure Cells are composed of a variety of structures that help them do their jobs. Cells are composed of a variety of structures that help them do their jobs. 22

27. Found in Plant, Fungi, and Bacteria Cells Provides support and protection In plants, the cell wall is made of the carbohydrate cellulose. 23 Cell Wall

28. Ribosomes Ribosomes Not technically an organelles. Nickname: “protein maker” They help put the amino acids together to make proteins. Made of the nucleic Acid-RNA website website website 24

29. The Cytoplasm jelly-like substance jelly-like substance contains all of the organelles contains all of the organelles 25

30. Organelles in the Cytoplasm Each organelle has a specific function so that the cell can do its job. Each organelle has its own job! Remember: ONLY EUKARYOTIC CELLS HAVE ORGANELLES!!!! 26

31. What’s an organelle? Organelle mean “tiny organ.” Organelles function together to help the cell carry out all of life’s activities!! 27

32. Nucleus-The Control Center “The Brain” Contains the DNA DNA controls which proteins get made-and when! Where ribosomes are made 28

33. has a phospholipid bilayer around it nuclear pores allow substances to move into and out of the nucleus DNA NEVER leaves the nucleus 29 Nucleus (Continued)

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35. Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane system - function = protein synthesis and transport. Membrane system - function = protein synthesis and transport. thought of as a Highway and a place of protein synthesis. thought of as a Highway and a place of protein synthesis. 31

36. Two types of ER Smooth Smooth –No attached ribosomes Rough Rough –Attached ribosomes 31

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38. Golgi Apparatus Nickname: “UPS” Nickname: “UPS” Packages molecules and sends them to their destination. Packages molecules and sends them to their destination. Also checks to make sure the molecules are put together correctly, if not correct it sends them back to the ER. Also checks to make sure the molecules are put together correctly, if not correct it sends them back to the ER. Website Website Website 33

39. Let’s Review

40. Vacuoles packages of material that are being stored and transported Plants usually have one large one Animals generally have many small ones. 35

41. Lysosomes Lysosomes Nickname “Recycling Center” Nickname “Recycling Center” Has digestive enzymes that breakdown and recycle molecules. Has digestive enzymes that breakdown and recycle molecules. 36

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43. Chloroplasts Site of photosynthesis in plants. 38

44. Cytoskeleton Gives cells their shape. Gives cells their shape. Contain proteins: microtubules (shape) and microfilaments (movement). Contain proteins: microtubules (shape) and microfilaments (movement). 39

45. Mitochondria Nickname: “Powerhouse” Nickname: “Powerhouse” Site of ATP production Site of ATP production ATP is the universal energy molecule ATP is the universal energy molecule Energy is stored in the bonds of ATP. Energy is stored in the bonds of ATP. Website Website Website 40

46. Plant Cell Nuclear envelope Ribosome (attached) Ribosome (free) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Rough endoplasmic reticulum Nucleolus Golgi apparatus Mitochondrian Cell wall Cell Membrane Chloroplast Vacuole 41

47. Animal Cell Centrioles Nucleolus Nucleus Nuclear envelope Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondrian Cell Membrane Ribosome (free) Ribosome (attached) Organelles of the Cell Clip 42

48. Animal Cell vs. Plant Cell Clip 43

49. Levels of Organization Cells make up tissues. Cells make up tissues. Tissues make up Organs. Tissues make up Organs. Organs make up organ systems. Organs make up organ systems. 44