1. Cell Unit
Learning Goal 2: Describe cell organelles and their functions within the cell.

2. Prokaryotic Cells Believed to be the first cells to evolve.
Lack a membrane bound nucleus and organelles.
Genetic material is naked in the cytoplasm
Ribosomes are only organelle.

3. Eukaryotic Cells
“True nucleus”; contained in a membrane bound structure.
Membrane bound organelles.
Thought to have evolved from prokaryotic cells.

4. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic

5. Cell
Size of the Cell
Cell Structure

6. Cell Wall
The main function of the cell wall is to provide support and protection for the cell.
Found in plant and prokaryotic cells.
Formed from cellulose molecules.

7. Cell Membrane
Layer of phospho-lipids and proteins that separates cytoplasm from external environment.
Regulates flow of material in and out of cell.
Selectively permeable to allow substances to pass into and out of the cell.

8. Cytoplasm Location of growth, metabolism, and replication.
Is a gel-like matrix of water, enzymes, nutrients, wastes, and gases and contains cell structures.

9. Ribosomes Translate the genetic code to assemble proteins.
Found attached to the Rough endoplasmic reticulum or free in the cytoplasm.

10. Ribosome

11. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough E.R.
Network of continuous tubes, studded with ribosomes.
Manufactures, processes, and transports proteins for export from cell.
Continuous with nuclear envelope.

12. Endoplasmic Reticulum

13. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth E.R.
Similar in appearance to rough ER, but without the ribosomes.
Contains a collection of enzymes that perform specialized tasks.

14. Lysosome Single membrane bound structure.
Found mostly in animal cells.
Contains digestive enzymes that break down cellular waste, old cell parts, and nutrients for use by the cell.

15. Lysosome

16. Golgi Apparatus (Complex)
Modifies, sort, and package proteins and lipids made by the ER.

17. Golgi Apparatus

18. Mitochondria
Membrane bound organelles that are the site of cellular respiration (ATP production)
Powerhouse of the cell.

19. Mitochondria

20. Nucleus Double membrane-bound control center of cell.
Brain of the cell.
Contains nearly all of the cell’s DNA.

21. Nucleus

22. Parts of the nucleus:
Chromatin - genetic material of cell in its non-dividing state.
Chromosomes – Condensed chromatin ready for cell division.
Figure 2: Different levels of DNA condensation. (1) Double-strand DNA. (2) Chromatin strand (DNA with histones). (3) Chromatin during interphase with centromere. (4) Condensed chromatin during prophase. (Two copies of the DNA molecule are now present) (5) Chromosome during metaphase.

23. Parts of the nucleus:
Nucleolus - dark-staining structure in the nucleus that plays a role in making ribosomes
Nuclear envelope - double membrane structure that separates nucleus from cytoplasm.

24. Centrioles Found only in animal cells. Self-replicating
Made of bundles of microtubules.
Help in organizing cell division.

25. Cytoskeleton Solid rods of globular proteins.
cytoskeleton offers support to cell structure.

26. Figure 7-11 Cytoskeleton Cell membrane Endoplasmic reticulum
Section 7-2
Cell membrane
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Microtubule
Microfilament
Ribosomes
Mitochondrion

27. Chloroplast Site of photosynthesis Membrane bound structure.
Contains chlorophyll

28. Chloroplast

29. Vacuole Store water and nutrients needed by the cell.
Help support the shape of the cell.
Plants have a large central vacuole.
Other types of cells have a much smaller vacuole.

30. Animal Vacuole

31. Plant Cell Vacuole

32. Animal Cell Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Section 7-2 (attached)
Centrioles
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Nuclear
envelope
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Smooth
Mitochondrion
Cell
Membrane
Ribosome
(free)
(attached)
Animal Cell

33. Plant Cell Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Section 7-2
Nuclear
envelope
Ribosome
(attached)
(free)
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Nucleus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleolus
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Cell wall
Cell
Membrane
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Plant Cell

34. Endoplasmic reticulum Endoplasmic reticulum
Venn Diagrams
Section 7-2
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Cell membrane
Contain DNA
Animal Cells
Plant Cells
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
Centrioles

35. Animal Cell vs. Plant Cell