1. Cell Structure Chapter 4

2. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias Schleiden ____________(1838) - Theodor Schwann ____________(1839) Schleiden and Schwann proposed the Cell Theory.

3. 3 Cell Theory 1. ________________________________. 2. Cells are _________________________. 3. Cells ____________________________. All cells today represent a ___________ ____________ from the _____ living cells.

4. 4 Cell Theory Cell ___________________. -As cell size ________, it takes _______ for material to ______ from the cell membrane to the interior of the cell. Surface area-to-volume ratio:__________ ___________________________________

5. 5 Cell Theory

6. 6 ___________ are required to visualize cells. Light microscopes can resolve structures that are ______ apart. Electron microscopes can resolve structures that are _______ apart.

7. 7 Cell Theory All cells have certain ___________________. 1. genetic material – ____________________ 2. cytoplasm – ________________________ 3. plasma membrane – _________________

8. 8 Prokaryotic Cells Prokaryotic cells ____________________ nucleus. -genetic material is present in the nucleoid Two types of prokaryotes: -_____________________

9. 9 Prokaryotic Cells Prokaryotic cells possess -genetic material in the ___________ -cytoplasm -plasma membrane -_________________l -_______________________ -___ membrane-bound organelles

10. 10 Prokaryotic Cells

11. 11 Prokaryotic Cells Prokaryotic cell walls -___________________________________ Bacterial cell walls -_________ composed of peptidoglycan -may be Gram positive or Gram negative Archaean cell walls _________________.

12. 12 Prokaryotic Cells Flagella -present in _______ prokaryotic cells -used for _________________ -rotary motion propels the cell

13. 13 Prokaryotic Cells

14. 14 Eukaryotic Cells Eukaryotic cells -________ a membrane-bound nucleus -are ____________ than prokaryotic cells -___________________ many cellular functions within organelles and the endomembrane system -possess a cytoskeleton for___________ ___________________________________

15. 15 Eukaryotic Cells

16. 16 Eukaryotic Cells

17. 17 Eukaryotic Cells Nucleus -stores the genetic material of the cell in the form of ________________________ -___________________a nuclear envelope composed of ______________ __________________________________ -__________________ – DNA is organized with proteins to form chromatin

18. 18 Eukaryotic Cells

19. 19 Eukaryotic Cells Ribosomes -the ______________________ in the cell -composed of ribosomal RNA and proteins -found ________________of the cytoplasm and ______________ to internal membranes

20. 20 Endomembrane System Endomembrane system -a _________________ throughout the cytoplasm -divides cell into compartments where __________________________________ 1. endoplasmic reticulum 2. Golgi apparatus 3. lysosomes

21. 21 Endomembrane System Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) -membranes that create a network of channels ____________ the cytoplasm __________________________________ gives a rough appearance -___________________ to be secreted, sent to lysosomes or plasma membrane

22. 22 Endomembrane System Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) -relatively few ribosomes attached -functions: -synthesis of membrane lipids -calcium storage -detoxification of foreign substances

23. 23 Endomembrane System

24. 24 Endomembrane System Golgi apparatus -____________________ of interconnected membranes -_________________________________ to different parts of the cell -synthesis of ______________________

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26. 26 Endomembrane System Lysosomes -membrane bound vesicles containing ___________________________________ -________________________________ ___________________________________ ________________________

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28. 28 Endomembrane System Microbodies -membrane bound vesicles -contain ________ ___________ of the endomembrane system -glyoxysomes in _______ contain _____ _______________________________________ -peroxisomes contain___________________ _______________________________________

29. 29 Endomembrane System Vacuoles -membrane-bound structures with various functions _________________________ There are different types of vacuoles: -central vacuole in _______ cells -contractile vacuole of ________________ -vacuoles for _______________

30. 30 Mitochondria -organelles present in all types of eukaryotic cells -contain oxidative metabolism enzymes for transferring the energy within macromolecules to ATP -found in all types of eukaryotic cells

31. 31 Mitochondria -surrounded by __ membranes -_____________ membrane -_______________ membrane with layers called cristae -matrix is ________________________ -intermembrane space is located ___________________________________ -contain their _______________-

32. 32 Mitochondria

33. 33 Chloroplasts -organelles present in cells of ____________________other eukaryotes -contain ___________________________ -surrounded by __ membranes -thylakoids are membranous sacs _____ _______________________ membrane -grana are ________________________

34. 34 Chloroplasts

35. 35 Mitochondria & Chloroplasts Endosymbiosis -proposal that eukaryotic organelles _________ through a _________ relationship -one cell ________ a second cell and a symbiotic relationship developed -________________________ are thought to have evolved this way

36. 36 Mitochondria & Chloroplasts Much evidence supports this endosymbiosis theory. Mitochondria and chloroplasts: -have __ membranes -possess ______________________ -are about the size of a ___________ cell -divide by a process similar to _________

37. 37 Mitochondria & Chloroplasts

38. 38 Cytoskeleton -_____________________________ found in ___ eukaryotic cells -___________ the shape of the cell -keeps ____________________ locations -helps _______________________ the cell

39. 39 Cytoskeleton Cytoskeleton fibers include -actin filaments – responsible for________________, crawling, “pinching” -microtubules – ______________ to the cell and move materials ________ the cell -intermediate filaments – _____________ _______________________________

40. 40 Cytoskeleton

41. 41 Cell Movement Cell movement takes different forms. -__________is accomplished via actin filaments and the protein myosin. -Flagella ________ to move a cell. -Cilia can be _______________ on the surface of a eukaryotic cell to propel a cell forward.

42. 42 Cell Movement The cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells have a similar structure: -9-2 structure: ________ of microtubules that surround ____________ microtubules -Cilia are usually _______________ than flagella on a cell.

43. 43 Cell Movement

44. 44 Extracellular Structures Extracellular structures include: -cell walls of _______________________ -extracellular matrix surrounding________ _____________-

45. 45 Extracellular Structures Cell walls -present surrounding the cells of plants, fungi, and some protists -the ___________ present in the cell wall _____ depending on the cell type: -plant and protist cell walls - ________ -fungal cell walls -____________

46. 46 Extracellular Structures Extracellular matrix (ECM) -surrounds animal cells -composed of ___________ and fibrous proteins such as _____________ -may be __________________________ via integrin proteins present in the plasma membrane

47. 47 Extracellular Structures

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