1. What is the composition of the filtrate in the capsular space?
a. like urine, only more concentrated
b. similar to water
c. like urine, only less concentrated
d. similar to plasma, only no proteins
Answer: d

2. c. glomerular capillaries d. nephron loop
What part of the nephron is involved with obligatory water, ion, and organic nutrient reabsorption?
a. PCT
b. DCT
c. glomerular capillaries
d. nephron loop
Answer: a

3. a. Glomerular capillary pores are too small.
Why don’t plasma proteins pass into the capsular space under normal circumstances?
a. Glomerular capillary pores are too small.
b. Glomerular blood pressure is too low.
c. Glomerular filtration rate is too low.
d. Glomerular blood flow is too slow.
Answer: a

4. What is the major driving force behind filtrate production?
a. capsular hydrostatic pressure
b. the osmotic pressure of the blood
c. hydrostatic pressure in the afferent arteriole
d. hydrostatic pressure in the efferent arteriole
Answer: c

5. b. Sodium content of the filtrate increases pressure.
Why are glomerular pressures higher than pressure in other capillaries?
a. The efferent arteriole has a smaller diameter than the afferent arteriole, increasing resistance.
b. Sodium content of the filtrate increases pressure.
c. E and NE cause increased glomerular pressure.
d. The length of the afferent arteriole is longer than the efferent arteriole.
Answer: a

6. What effect does renin have on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
It will decrease the GFR and vasoconstrict the efferent arteriole.
It will increase the GFR and vasoconstrict the efferent arteriole.
It will raise the GFR and vasoconstrict the afferent arteriole.
None of the above are correct.
Answer: b

7. because most reabsorption occurs at the PCT
Why is the presence of microvilli important to the epithelial tissue of the PCT?
because most reabsorption occurs at the PCT
because filtration is taking place
because secretion of toxins and ions are actively secreted to waste at the PCT
because hormonally controlled reabsorption of water and sodium occurs in the PCT
Answer: a

8. Why does the filtrate dilute all along the ascending loop?
A glycoprotein here restricts water from leaving the filtrate.
Water reabsorption has taken place at the descending loop.
Water channels allow it to mix with the filtrate.
None of the above are correct.
Answer: a

9. a. it increases aldosterone secretion.
A decrease in Na+ in the blood leads to an increase in blood pressure because:
a. it increases aldosterone secretion.
b. it increases renin production.
c. it increases ADH secretion.
d. All of the above are correct.
Answer: d

10. Urea is transported out of the tubule.
Why does osmotic concentration decrease in the thick ascending limb of the nephron loop?
Urea is transported out of the tubule.
Na+ and CI– are actively transported out of the tubular fluid.
The thick ascending limb is permeable to water.
Both A and B are correct.
Answer: b

11. Which structures exit at the hilum of the kidney?
a. renal artery and vein
b. renal ureters
c. renal capsule and renal sinus
d. both A and B
Answer: d

12. b. renal medulla and renal pelvis c. renal medulla and urethra
An obstruction of a ureter by a kidney stone limits the flow of urine between which two points?
a. ureter and urethra
b. renal medulla and renal pelvis
c. renal medulla and urethra
d. renal pelvis and urinary bladder
Answer: d

13. a. urogenital diaphragm b. internal urinary sphincter
The ability to control the micturition reflex depends on the ability to control which muscle?
a. urogenital diaphragm
b. internal urinary sphincter
c. external urinary sphincter
d. coccygeus
Answer: c

14. Mary has had a urinalysis that indicates a high level of bilirubin
Mary has had a urinalysis that indicates a high level of bilirubin. What condition may she have?
a. liver disease
b. anorexia
c. ketonuria
d. renal infection
Answer: a

15. c. increased fluid volume d. both A and C
What effect does eating a high-protein diet have on the composition of urine?
a. increased urea
b. increased potassium
c. increased fluid volume
d. both A and C
Answer: d

16. Which portion of a nephron is NOT in the renal cortex?
a. proximal convoluted tubule
b. distal convoluted tubule
c. collecting duct
d. nephron loop
Answer: d

17. b. juxtaglomerular apparatus c. PCT d. nephron loop
Damage to which part of the nephron interferes with hormonal control of blood pressure?
a. Bowman’s capsule
b. juxtaglomerular apparatus
c. PCT
d. nephron loop
Answer: b

18. a. Glomerular blood pressure increases. b. Filtration shuts down.
What event occurs when the plasma concentration of a substance exceeds its tubular maximum?
a. Glomerular blood pressure increases.
b. Filtration shuts down.
c. Excess is excreted in urine.
d. Glomerular osmotic pressure decreases.
Answer: c

19. a. decrease volume; decrease osmotic concentration
How would the absence of juxtamedullary nephrons affect the volume of urine and its osmotic concentration?
a. decrease volume; decrease osmotic concentration
b. decrease volume; increase osmotic concentration
c. increase volume; decrease osmotic concentration
d. increase volume; increase osmotic concentration
Answer: c

20. the PCT; the PCT is where most reabsorption occurs
The concentration of filtrate is greatest in _____. This is because ______.
the PCT; the PCT is where most reabsorption occurs
the bottom of the nephron loop; solutes are concentrated
the DCT; water diffuses out
the glomerulus; it has highest concentration of solutes
Answer: b

21. Where does urine production begin?
a. renal artery
b. minor calyces
c. nephron
d. collecting duct
Answer: c

22. How are cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons structurally different?
a. Cortical nephrons are surrounded by vasa recta.
b. Cortical nephrons have very short PCTs.
c. Juxtamedullary nephrons have longer nephron loops.
d. All of the above are correct.
Answer: c

23. d. impossible to predict
What effect does an increased amount of aldosterone have on K+ concentration of urine?
a. K+ Increases
b. K+ decreases
c. no effect
d. impossible to predict
Answer: a

24. All of the following EXCEPT _______ are effects of angiotensin II.
a. elevation of glomerular pressures and GFR
b. inhibition of ADH release
c. elevation of arterial pressure throughout the body
d. stimulation of Na+ reabsorption in the DCT
Answer: b

25. What is the role of the vasa recta in the urinary system?
a. increasing specific gravity of urine
b. increasing the osmotic concentration of urine
c. returning water and solutes to general circulation
d. cleansing blood before it re-enters systemic circulation
Answer: c

26. What direct effect does sympathetic activation have on GFR?
produces powerful vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole
produces powerful vasoconstriction of glomerular capillaries
produces dilation of the afferent arteriole
produces dilation of glomerular capillaries and constriction of the efferent arteriole
Answer: a