1. Requirements Gathering and Modeling of Domain Specific Digital Libraries with the 5S Framework: An Archaeological Case Study with ETANA ECDL 2005, Vienna, September 19, 2005 Rao Shen, Marcos André Gonçalves, Weiguo Fan, and Edward A. Fox fox@vt.edu http://fox.cs.vt.edu

2. Acknowledgements (Selected) Sponsors: NSF grant ITR-0325579; AOL, ASOR, CWRU, ETANA, Vanderbilt U., Virginia Tech Faculty/Staff: Lillian Cassel, Debra Dudley, Roger Ehrich, Manuel Perez, … VT (Former) Students: Aaron Krowne, Ming Luo, Fernando Das Neves, Ricardo Torres, Hussein Suleman, …

3. Acknowledgements (Selected) Karen Borstad, MPP Giorgio Buccellati, UCLA Douglas Clark, Walla Walla College Joanne Eustis, CWRU Nick Fischio, CWRU Israel Finkelstein, Tel-Aviv University Paul Gherman, Vanderbilt U. Andrew Graham, U. Toronto Tim Harrison, U. Toronto Larry Herr, Canadian University College Christopher Holland, LRP Paul Jacobs, Mississippi State U. Douglas Knight, Vanderbilt U. Stan LaBianca, Andrews U. David McCreery, Willamette U. Eric Meyers, Duke U. Adam Porter, Illinois College Jack Sasson, Vanderbilt U. Tom Schaub, Indiana U. of Penn. Randall Younker, Andrews U.

5. Outline  Introduction: Informal 5S & DL Definitions  Domain Specific DLs: Archaeological DLs:  5S Based Informal View  Sample Archaeological DLs  Archaeological DL (ArchDL) Formal Model  Conclusion

6. DLs are complex systems that  help satisfy info needs of users (societies)  provide info services (scenarios)  organize info in usable ways (structures)  present info in usable ways (spaces)  communicate info with users (streams) Informal 5S & DL Definitions

7. Archaeological DL (ArchDL)  5S Based Informal View of ArchDL  Sample Archaeological DLs  Virtual Nimrin (VN)  Halif DigMaster (HD)  ETANA-DL

8. ArchDL Societies 1.Historic and pre-historic societies (being studied) 2.Archaeologists (in academic institutes, fieldwork settings, or local and national governmental bodies) 3.Project directors 4.Technical staff (consisting of photographers, technical illustrators, and their assistants) 5.Field staff (responsible for the actual work of excavation) 6.Camp staff (e.g., camp managers, registrars, tool stewards) 7.General public (e.g., educators, learners, citizens)

9. ArchDL Societies - 2  Social issues 1.Who owns the finds? 2.Where should they be preserved? 3.What nationality and ethnicity do they represent? 4.Who has publication rights? 5.What interactions took place between those at the site studied, and others? What theories are proposed by whom about this?

10. ArchDL Scenarios 1.Life in the site in former times 2.Digital recording: the planning stage and the excavation stage 3.Planning stage: remote sensing, fieldwalking, field surveys, building surveys, consulting historical and other documentary sources, and managing the sites and monuments

11. ArchDL Scenarios - 2 4. Excavation 1)Detailed information is recorded, including for each layer of soil, and for features such as pole holes, pits, and ditches. 2)Data about each artifact is recorded together with information about its exact find spot. 3)Numerous environmental and other samples are taken for laboratory analysis, and the location and purpose of each is carefully recorded. 4)Large numbers of photographs are taken, both general views of the progress of excavation and detailed shots showing the contexts of finds.

12. ArchDL Scenarios - 3 5.Organization and storage of material 6.Analysis and hypotheses generation and testing 7.Publications, museum displays 8.Information services for the general public

13. ArchDL Spaces 1.Geographic distribution of found artifacts 2.Temporal dimension (as inferred by archaeologists) 3.Metric or vector spaces 1)used to support retrieval operations, and to calculate distance (and similarity) 2)used to browse / constrain searches spatially 4.3D models of the past, used to reconstruct and visualize archaeological ruins 5.2D interfaces for human-computer interaction

14. ArchDL Structures 1.Site Organization 1)Region, site, partition, sub-partition, locus, … 2.Temporal orderings (ages, periods) 3.Taxonomies 1)for bones, seeds, building materials, … 4.Stratigraphic relationships 1)above, beneath, coexisting

15. ArchDL Streams 1.successive photos and drawings of excavation sites, loci, unearthed artifacts 2.audio and video recordings of excavation activities and discussions 3.textual reports 4.3D models used to reconstruct and visualize archaeological ruins.

16. Sample Archaeological DLs From ETANA Project  Virtual Nimrin  Halif DigMaster  ETANA-DL

18. Halif DigMaster

19. ETANA-DL Website

20. Virtual Nimrin Space Model Site grid and identification of squares

21. Halif DigMaster Structure Model Figurine records are stored in a relational Database

22. ETANA-DL Scenario Model Browse collections by site organization

23. ETANA-DL’s Member Collections

24. Outline Introduction: Informal 5S & DL Definitions Domain specific DLs: Archaeological DLs:  5S Based Informal View  Sample Archaeological DLs  Archaeological DL (ArchDL) Formal Model  Conclusion

25. ArchDL Formal Model  A Minimal DL in the 5S Framework  A Minimal ArchDL in the 5S Framework  Spatial Temporal Organization  Stratigraphic Diagram  Formal Models of Sample ArchDLs  Virtual Nimrin (VN)  Halif DigMaster (HD)

26. 5S and DL formal definitions and compositions (April 2004 TOIS)

27. Digital Object Repository Collection Minimal DL Metadata Catalog Descriptive Metadata Specification A Minimal DL in the 5S Framework Structural Metadata Specification StreamsStructuresSpacesScenariosSocieties indexing browsing searching services hypertext Structured Stream

28. Repository: animal bone collection, seed collection, … Metadata Catalog: animal bone catalog, seed catalog, … Service: browsing, searching Society: HistoricNimrinResidence, PrehistoricNimrinResidence, director, fieldStaff, specialist, student, …, ServiceManager Virtual Nimrin (VN) Model

29. Repository: Tell Halif’s digital collection of figurines Metadata Catalog: figurine catalog Service: browsing, searching Society: FigurineMaker, FigurineSurrogate, director, fieldStaff, specialist, student, …, ServiceManager Halif DigMaster (HD) Model

30. StreamsStructuresSpacesScenariosSocieties indexing browsing searching services hypertext Structured Stream Descriptive Metadata specification ArchDO ArchObj ArchColl Arch Metadata catalog ArchDColl ArchDR Minimal ArchDL A Minimal ArchDL in the 5S Framework SpatialTemporal Organization StratigraphicDiagram Arch Descriptive Metadata specification SpatialTemporal Organization StratigraphicDiagram

31. Resource1 Resource11 Resource12 PropertyName11 PropertyName12 Spatial Temporal Organization is a descriptive metadata specification … contain s Spatial Organization ‘region’ ‘site’ ‘Nimrin’ ‘Jordan Valley’ ‘Bone1’ Example 1

32. Resource1 Resource11 Resource12 PropertyName11 PropertyName12 Spatial Temporal Organization is a descriptive metadata specification Example 2 ‘ period’ ‘chronology’ detailed by Temporal Organization ‘Middle Bronze’ ‘2000 -1500B.C.’ ‘Bone1’

33. ‘Jordan Valley’ ‘Nimrin’ ‘quadrant’ ‘square’ ‘locus’ ‘bag’ ‘Ottoman-Modern’ ‘Islamic’ ‘Byzantine’ ‘Late Hellenistic-Roman’ ‘Persian’ ‘Iron II’ ‘Iron I’ ‘Middle Bronze’ … Virtual Nimrin Spatial Temporal Organization

34. Spatial Organization ‘region’‘site’‘partition’‘sub-partition’‘locus’‘container’ contains ‘Jordan Valley’ ‘Nimrin’ ‘quadrant’ ‘square’ ‘locus’ ‘bag’ … ‘Bone1’ Virtual Nimrin Spatial Temporal Organization

35. Temporal Organization detailed by ‘Middle Bronze’ ‘2000 – 1500.B.C.’ … ‘period’‘chronology’ ‘Bone1’ Virtual Nimrin Spatial Temporal Organization

36. Spatial Organization contains ‘Jordan Valley’ ‘Nimrin’ … ‘ region’‘ site’ … Temporal Organization detailed by ‘Middle Bronze’ ‘2000 – 1500.B.C.’ … ‘ period’‘ chronology’ Virtual Nimrin Spatial Temporal Organization ‘Bone1’

37. Stratigraphic Diagram is Spatial Temporal Organization Spatial Organization … Temporal Organization … ‘ above’ ‘ later than’ Example 3 ‘locus1’ ‘locus2’

38. Outline Introduction: Informal 5S & DL Definitions Domain specific DLs: Archaeological DLs:  5S Based Informal View  Sample Archaeological DLs Archaeological DL (ArchDL) Forma Model  Conclusion

39. Conclusion  Informal and formal definitions of a minimal archaeological DL with the 5S framework  Archaeological case study from the ETANA project  Foundation for ETANA-DL  Semi-automatic DL generation  Megiddo case study (to be presented this afternoon)

40. Questions? Comments?