1. Dioxin emissions in CC: Bratislava 1-2.2.2004 1 JRC small sources program first results Boštjan Paradiž http://www.jrc.cec.eu.int

2. Dioxin emissions in CC: Bratislava 1-2.2.2004 2 Dioxin emission factors for res. coal combustion

3. Dioxin emissions in CC: Bratislava 1-2.2.2004 3 Activity data on coal&wood combustion Source: Energy Consumption in households, EUROSTAT, 1999 (data from 1995 (EU) and 1996 (CC)

4. Dioxin emissions in CC: Bratislava 1-2.2.2004 4 EU vs. CC sectorial emissions: residential sector might be dominant in CC LUA - EU Dioxin Inventory Stage IIdata + estimations very rough preliminary estimation

5. Dioxin emissions in CC: Bratislava 1-2.2.2004 5 JRC small sources program Acknowledged importance of the small combustion sources by DG-ENV: –coal combustion in residential sector – the highest research priority attributed within Dioxin strategy –small sources study just started within the context of CAFE JRC small sources program: –JRC small sources facility- direct emission measurement –indirect emission assessment from ambient air concentrations

6. Dioxin emissions in CC: Bratislava 1-2.2.2004 6 JRC small sources facility Objectives: to determine parameters influencing the dioxin formation in solid fuels fired residential heating appliances to asses possible reduction measures to derive emission factors for dioxins, PAHs and size fractionized PM emissions First combustion experiments already started

7. Dioxin emissions in CC: Bratislava 1-2.2.2004 7 Indirect emission assessment Why alternative approach Difficulties in determination of emission factor based on emission measurements –Experimental problems –Representative sample of appliances –Representative operational conditions Uncertain activity data –Waste co-incinerated Due to important contribution independent method should be used to verify conventional approach

8. Dioxin emissions in CC: Bratislava 1-2.2.2004 8 The highest dioxin ambient air levels recorded among Austrian urban agglomerations No significant industrial sources present Coal widely utilized in residential sector in early 90s Coal combustion in residential sector accounted for 90 % of total SO 2 emissions Ideal for simplified coal combustion EF estimation based on SO 2 marker approach Graz, Austria case study

9. Dioxin emissions in CC: Bratislava 1-2.2.2004 9 Graz (Austria) – winter 1992/93 Assessment dioxin emission factor for coal combustion in residential sector: range 100-200 μg/ton of coal  good agreement with A-UBA emission measurement data source of the data: G. Thanner, W. Moche: Dioxine in der Luft von Ballungsraumen, Monographien Bd.76, A-UBA, 1996

10. Dioxin emissions in CC: Bratislava 1-2.2.2004 10 Krakow, Poland case study Dioxin concentration in excess of 5 pg TEQ-m3 during winter (Grochowalski) Significant share of households using coal But industrial sources (steelwork) Application of the CALPUFF dispersion model in cooperation with Malopolski Inspectorate of Environment Protection

11. Dioxin emissions in CC: Bratislava 1-2.2.2004 11 Krakow, Poland preliminary results Industrial sources could not cause measured extreme levels Conservative emission assesment

12. Dioxin emissions in CC: Bratislava 1-2.2.2004 12 Krakow, Poland preliminary results Dioxin emission inventory compiled for residential combustion of coal; EF stoves 100 μ gTEQ/ton, boilers 10 μ gTEQ/ton CALPUFF dispersion modeling Krakow sumer:  two orders of magnitude lower than winter measuredmodeled pg TEQ/m3 20.12.20021.770.93 25.12.20020.731.16

13. Dioxin emissions in CC: Bratislava 1-2.2.2004 13 Zakopane, Poland preliminary results Small mountain town (20.000 inhabitants) Solid fuel combustion prevails in residential sector Virtualy no industry Measurments of dioxins in the air winter 2002: 4.1, 3.7 pg TEQ/m3  more than measured in Krakow Another indication of small sources importance

14. Dioxin emissions in CC: Bratislava 1-2.2.2004 14 From toxic emissions to exposure and health effects integrated measurement&modeling case study in Krakow, PO Targeted pollutants: PM and PM associated (PAHs, dioxins,..) Targeted sources: residential heating, traffic Workpackages: –Emission Measurements –Emission inventory and synthetic emission scenarios –Outdoor and indoor air quality levels and human exposure measurement campaign –Dispersion modelling –Source apportionment –Health effects assessment –Emission reduction cost and health effects related external costs assessment