1. Balance of Payments Objectives: Define Balance of Payments (BOP);
List the constituent components of the BOP;
Distinguish between BOP and balance of trade;
Describe the entries that would appear in the BOP account;

2. Balance of Payments

3. Definition
The BOP is a record of all financial dealings over a period of time between economic agents of one country and all other countries.

4. Three Components Current Account Capital Account
Where payments for the purchase and sale of goods and services are recorded. (BOT)
Factor Incomes (interest and dividends from international loans and investments)
Net transfer payments (foreign aid)
Capital Account
Where flows of money associated with domestic and foreign investment are recorded.

5. The Current Account Balance (two components)
Visible Trade
Trade in goods
Visible Exports
Visible Imports
Balance of Visible Trade/Balance of Trade
Relationship between the value of exports and the value of imports.
Trade Surplus
Favourable
Trade Deficit
Unfavourable
Invisible Trade
Trade in services
Invisible Exports – services rendered
Invisible Imports – services gained
Balance of Invisible Trade
The relationship between the value of invisible exports and value of invisible imports.
Invisible Trade Surplus
Invisible Trade Deficit

6. Question
Distinguish between the Balance of Trade and the Terms of Trade.

7. Terms of Trade
The Terms of Trade looks at the relationship between the price received for exports and the amount of imports we are able to buy with that money.
Average Price of Exports
Terms of Trade = x 100
Average Price of Imports

8. Current Account - Invisibles
Egs.
Financial services such as banking and insurance
Transportation services such as shipping and air travel
Tourism
Transfers of money resulting from the loan of factors of production abroad, for instance, a Trinidadian teacher working in England and sending back money to his family in Trinidad would create an invisible import for England and invisible export for Trinidad and Tobago.
An outflow of money means that this is classified as an import.
An inflow of money means an export.

9. Current Account Balance
The Current Account Balance is the relationship between the Balance of Visible Trade and the Balance of Invisible Trade is called the Current Balance.
Net Effect is either a Current account surplus or Current account deficit.

10. Activity 1
A country has the following international transactions on current account:
Exports of manufactured goods $20bn; vx
Imports of food $10bn; vm
Earnings from foreign tourists $5bn; ivx
Interest, profits and dividends paid to foreigners $4bn; ivm
Purchase of oil from abroad $8bn; vm
Earnings of nationals working overseas which are repatriated $7bn; ivx
Sale of coal to foreign countries $2bn; vx
Payments by foreigners to domestic financial institutions for services rendered $1bn. ivx
Which of these items are (1) visible exports; (2) visible imports; (3) invisible exports; (4) invisible imports?
Calculate: (1) the balance of trade; (2) the balance on invisible trade; (3) the current balance.

11. Capital Account Official Capital Flows. Private Capital Flows.
The difference between all inflows and outflows of capital is termed as the Capital Account Balance.

12. Egs. Of Capital Flows Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
Financial Portfolio Investment eg. Purchase of shares in different countries.
Hot Money

13. What is FDI?
According to the International Monetary Fund, foreign direct investment, commonly known as FDI, "... refers to an investment made to acquire lasting or long-term interest in enterprises operating outside of the economy of the investor.“
Retrieved from:

14. Advantages
One of the advantages of foreign direct investment is that it helps in the economic development of the particular country where the investment is being made.
FDI has the potential for job creation and employment, which is often followed by higher wages.
Resource transfer, in terms of capital and technical knowledge, is also a key motivator that encourages inward FDI.
FDI provides the benefits of reduced cost through the realization of scale economies, and coordination advantages

15. Activity 2
Would the following be given a plus or a minus sign on the balance of payments account of the United Kingdom?
Investment overseas by UK residents.
Foreign currency lending abroad by UK banks.
Borrowing from banks abroad by general government.
Portfolio investment in the UK by overseas residents.
Deposits with and lending to banks abroad by the UK non-bank private sector.

16. Official Financing Must the BOP always balance? YES How?
Repayment of money borrowed if you have a surplus and Official Reserves ie hold some money.
Borrowing will occur instead of repaying in the event of a Deficit and withdrawing from reserves.

17. Causes, Consequences, Solutions
Causes of BOP Deficits
Consequences of BOP Deficits
Increasing demand for imported g&s.
Falling demand for exports of g&s.
An increase in holidays taken abroad.
A decrease in visitors to the country.
Individual and governmental transfers out of the country being greater than those coming in.
Investment incomes being paid out to foreigners being greater than investment incomes coming in.
A greater value of investments being made abroad by domestic residents than foreign investors are making in the domestic country.
Unemployment might increase.
Falling foreign exchange reserves.
Exchange rate depreciation.

18. Deficit Solutions
Reduction of aggregate demand through deflationary monetary and fiscal policy.
Import controls
Devaluation

19. BOP Surpluses Falling unemployment Increase in reserves
Causes
Consequences
Falling demand for imported g&s.
Increasing demand for exports of g&s.
A decrease in holidays taken abroad.
An increase in foreign visitors to the country.
Individual and governmental transfers into the country being greater than transfers out.
Investment incomes paid into the country to domestic investors who invested abroad being greater than those being paid out to the foreigners.
Greater investments in the local economy by foreigners than foreign investment made by domestic residents abroad.
Falling unemployment
Increase in reserves
Exchange rate appreciation

20. Solutions to BOP Surpluses
Increasing aggregate demand through reflationary monetary and fiscal policy.
Reduction of import controls.
Revaluation of the currency.