1. The Lymphatic System and Immunity
Chapter 15
The Lymphatic System and Immunity

2. Lymphatic System Supplements the circulatory system
Composed of lymph, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, the spleen, the thymus gland, lymphoid tissue in the intestinal tract, and the tonsils
There is no muscular pump or heart

3. Functions Acts as intermediary between blood and tissue
Transports excess tissue fluid
Produce lymphocytes and filters out harmful bacteria
Function of spleen
Function of thymus gland

4. Lymph
Straw colored
Called intercellular, interstitial fluid or tissue fluid
Composition of lymph
Moves with assistance of skeletal tissue contraction, breathing movements, and valves

5. Lymph Vessels Closely parallel the veins Right lymphatic duct
Left lymphatic duct (thoracic duct)
Flows in only one direction

6. Lymph Nodes
Small structures located alone or grouped in various places along the lymph vessels throughout the body
Trabeculae
Afferent lymphatic vessels
When germinal centers are stimulated, the immune response is activated

7. Tonsils Masses of lymphatic tissue Produce lymphocytes
Filter out bacteria

8. Tonsils
Three pairs of tonsils
Palatine
Adenoids
Lingual
Tonsillitis

9. Spleen Saclike mass of lymphatic tissue
Located upper left of the abdomen beneath the diaphragm
Forms lymphocytes and monocytes
Filters out bacteria
Stores red blood cells

10. Thymus Gland
Located in the upper anterior part of the thorax, above the heart
Produces T-lymphocytes
It is also an endocrine gland which secretes a hormone called thymosin

11. Click Here to play Lymphatic System animation
Animation – Lymph
Click Here to play Lymphatic System animation

12. Effects of Aging Decline in immune function
Increased risk of infection
Decreased ability to fight disease
Slowed wound healing

13. Disorders of the Lymph System
Lymphadenitis
Hodgkin’s disease
Infectious mononucleosis

14. Immunity
When pathogens and foreign materials penetrate the skin the person’s immunity comes into play
Immunity is the body’s ability to resist these invaders
Individuals differ in their ability to resist infection

15. Immunity Resistance varies at different times Natural immunity
Immunity we are born with
Acquired immunity
Reaction that occurs as a result of exposure to invaders
Passive acquired immunity
Acquired artificially by injecting antibodies

16. Immunity Active acquired immunity Immunoglobulin
Natural acquired immunity results from having had and recovered from the disease
Artificial acquired immunity comes from being inoculated with a suitable vaccine, antigen, or toxoid (e.g. immunizations)
Immunoglobulin

17. Immunizations: Ages 0 to 6
Hepatitis B
Rotavirus
Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis
Haemophilus
Pneumococcal
Inactivated poliovirus

18. Immunizations: Ages 0 to 6
Influenza
Measles, mumps, rubella
Varicella
Hepatitis A
Meningococcal

19. Immunizations: Ages 7 to 18
Tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis
Human papillomavirus
Meningococcal
Pneumococcal
Influenza

20. Immunizations: Ages 7 to 18
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Inactivated poliovirus
Measles, mumps, rubella
Varicella

21. Immunizations – Adult Tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis (Td/Tdap)
Human papillomavirus
Measles, mumps, rubella
Varicella
Influenza

22. Immunizations – Adult Pneumococcal Hepatitis A Hepatitis B
Meningococcal

23. Autoimmunity Autoimmune disorder
When the body mistakenly targets the normal cells, tissues, and organs of a person’s own body
Multiple causes can trigger the disorder

24. Autoimmune Disorders Multiple sclerosis Myasthenia gravis
Pernicious anemia
Psoriasis
Crohn’s disease

25. Autoimmune Disorders Ulcerative colitis Type I diabetes mellitus
Rheumatoid arthritis
Lupus
Scleroderma

26. Hypersensitivity
When the body’s immune system fails to protect itself against foreign material
Allergens
Anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock
Medic-alert tags

27. AIDS/HIV A – Acquired I – Immune D – Deficiency
The disease is not inherited
I – Immune
Refers to body’s natural defenses against cancers, disease, and infections
D – Deficiency
Lacks cellular immunity

28. AIDS/HIV S – Syndrome Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes AIDS
Involves the set of diseases or conditions that are present to signal the diagnosis
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes AIDS
HIV destroys the body’s T4-lymphocyte cells
Opportunistic infections

29. AIDS/HIV Three outcomes from infection with HIV HIV/AIDS Statistics
AIDS-related complex (ARC)
Asymptomatic infection
HIV/AIDS Statistics

30. Transmission of AIDS Sexual contact Sharing hypodermic needles
In utero or at birth

31. Screening Tests for HIV/AIDS
ELISA
Western blot
Rapid test

32. Symptoms of HIV/AIDS Flu-like symptoms More persistent symptoms
Opportunistic conditions

33. Treatment of HIV/AIDS No cure for AIDS
Prevention and treatment have prolonged and improved the lives of many
AZT
Protease inhibitors
AIDS cocktail

34. Preventing Transmission of HIV/AIDS
Limit sexual contacts
Have protected sex
Do not share needles
Clean up soiled materials
Cover wounds
Standard precautions used by all health care workers