1. Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Crime Scenes and Technology

2. Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Raymond E. Foster, MPA EDUCATION & PROFESSIONAL TRAINING Doctoral Student, Touro University International – Winter 2006 MPA, Public Financial Management — California State University, Fullerton 4.0 GPA (Member Phi Kappa Phi) - 2003 BA, Criminal Justice — The Union Institute — 1999 National Institute for Justice, Technology Institute, Washington, DC Federal Emergency Management Agency, Incident Command System POST CoursesPOST Certificates West Point Leadership ProgramManagement Instructor Development CourseSupervisor Middle ManagerAdvanced Officer Watch CommanderIntermediate Officer Supervisory DevelopmentBasic Officer

3. Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster  “De-briefing Suspects: An Analysis of the Crime Control Tactic of Gathering Criminal Intelligence from Arrested Persons” LAPD Intranet, September 1999.  “Police Technology” Prentice Hall, July 2004.  “Five Tactics for Taking Civil Service Multiple Choice Examinations” www.hitechcj.com, January 2004.  “Hi Tech Criminal Justice Newsletter” 2003 to Present (Editor).  “Police Pursuit Technology” Modern Marvels, History Channel, September 2004, (Technical Advisor).  “Tailored Technology” Mobile Government, September 2004.  “Air-to-Ground Communications” Airbeat Magazine, October 2004.  “Returning to the Scene of the Crime: High Definition Survey Technology and Law Enforcement” Government Technology Magazine, March 2005.Publications

4. Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster More Pubs……..   “Small Unit Leadership” (Policeone.com, April 2005)   “Terrorism: Crime or Asymmetrical Warfare” (Policeone.com, May 2005).   “Homeland Security: A Needs Assessment (Part I)” (Policeone.com, June 2005)   “Homeland Security: A Needs Assessment (Part II)” (Policeone.com, June 2005)   “Lessons Learned Overseas” (Policeone.com, July 2005).   “Lessons Learned Overseas: Police Technology for Counter Terrorism” (Policeone.com, August 2005)   “The Jump Start: Small Unit Leadership (Part I of XII)” www.hitechcj.com, July 2005

5. Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster More Pubs……..   “Field Tactics and the Toughbook® Arbitrator™” (Policeone.com, August 2005)   “Cop Cars: From Buck Boards to Buck Rogers” (Policeone.com, September 2005)   “National Response Plan: The Local Perspective” (Policeone.com, September 2005).   “Morale: Whose Job is it Anyways?” (Policeone.com, September 2005).   “Homeland Security: An Overview of the National Response Plan” (Policeone.com, October 2005).   “The Age of the Patrol Vehicle Platform” (Policeone.com, October 2005.”

6. Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster More Pubs……..   “Homeland Security and the New Threats of Global Terrorism: From Cold War to Flaming Hot War” (Prentice Hall, February 2007) Co-Authors: retired Maj. General Dror Itzhaki (Israeli Security Services) and Dr. Reuven Paz.   “An Introduction to Policing: From NYPD to LAPD” (Prentice Hall, January 2007) Co-Author: Dr. James O’Keefe, Ph.D., Associate Professor, St. John’s University, New York.   Pre-publication reviewer: “Introduction to Biometrics” (Prentice Hall, 2006) by Steve Elliot   Current Working Project with Dr. Andrew Harvey “Leadership Texas Hold ‘Em Style.”   Prepared and submitted several successful grant applications.

7. Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Brief Work History CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, FULLERTON (Part-time Lecturer) 2004 – Present UNION INSTITUTE AND UNIVERISTY (Faculty Advisor and Instructor) 2004 – Present HI TECH CRIMINAL JUSTICE 2003 – Present – Owner FOSTER YOUTH CONNECTION 2003 – Present – Founding Board Chair LOS ANGELES POLICE DEPARTMENT1980-2004 LIEUTENANT (1997-- 2004) SERGEANT (1988 – 1997) POLICE OFFICER (1980 – 1988)

8. Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Crime Scene A location that may contain evidence of a crime.

9. Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Crime Scenes A search of an offender’s home may yield evidence, but not be the location the crime occurred. Protocols for scene protection, documentation and evidence recovery are critical at all crime scenes

10. Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Boundaries of the scene start at a focal point, such as a body or point of entry and extend outward to include: Where the crime occurred. Potential points and paths of exit and entry of suspects and witnesses. Places where the victim/evidence may have been moved.

11. Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Crime Scenes Evidence tends to deteriorate Investigator’s often refer to the “golden hour;” the time when evidence is best recovered. Some jurisdictions are taking the crime lab to the crime scene Photographs provided by OBS INC., Specialty Vehicles

12. Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Evidence Collection Proper protocols and techniques for collecting evidence are very specific and critical. Proper protocols and techniques for collecting evidence are very specific and critical. Generally, first responders preserve scenes and trained specialist collect and analysis evidence Generally, first responders preserve scenes and trained specialist collect and analysis evidence

13. Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Evidence Collection Chain of Custody Testimony/documentation detailing location & condition of evidence from seizure to trial. Assures the court items entered into evidence are in same condition as when they were seized. Chain of custody & procedures used to analyze evidence are more often challenged than the science behind the analysis.

14. Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Forensic Science and Criminalistics Forensic comes from the Latin word "forensis," meaning "of the forum," where the law courts of ancient Rome were held. Forensic science is the application of any type of science, biological, social, physical or mathematical to legal matters.

15. Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Forensic Science and Criminalistics Forensic Science is the broader term, meaning the part of the science used to answer a legal question. Forensic Science is the broader term, meaning the part of the science used to answer a legal question. Toxicology, ondontology, accounting, pathology, serology Toxicology, ondontology, accounting, pathology, serology Criminalistics is a branch of Forensic Science dealing with the study of physical evidence related to a crime. Criminalistics is a branch of Forensic Science dealing with the study of physical evidence related to a crime.

16. Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Transfer Theory Edmund Locard, a French Scientist developed the theory that contact between individuals or objects results in a transfer of material between them.

17. Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Trace Evidence Hair Hair Fiber Fiber Glass Glass Paint Paint Dust Dust Dirt Dirt Chemicals Chemicals Firearms Firearms Fluids Blood Bite Marks Shoe Prints Tool Marks Wounds Documents Fingerprints

18. Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster The First Major Systems of Personal Identification Anthropometery Anthropometery exact measurements of an individuals body yields a characteristic formula for comparison. exact measurements of an individuals body yields a characteristic formula for comparison. Dactlography Dactlography Fingerprints Fingerprints

19. Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Alphonse Bertillon and Anthropometery

20. Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster

21. A 1924 Act of Congress established the FBI Identification Division By 1946 they had 100 Million Fingerprint cards

22. Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Henry Classification System

23. Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Lifting Prints Plastic – Found in a soft surface like wax, paint or putty. Plastic – Found in a soft surface like wax, paint or putty. Visible – Contact with a wet fluid like blood. Visible – Contact with a wet fluid like blood. Latent – Meaning “Hidden” These prints are left by the oils secreted by our hands and are generally not visible. Latent – Meaning “Hidden” These prints are left by the oils secreted by our hands and are generally not visible.

24. Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Dusting for Prints Powders have different properties, for instance color. Common colors are black, white, gray, aluminum, red, and gold. Color is selected to make the best contrast between the print and the surface. For instance, a white powder might works best on a dark surface.

25. Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Automatic Fingerprint Identification System

26. Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System National fingerprint and criminal history system maintained by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS) Division.

27. Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster AFIS Maintains the largest Biometric database in the world, containing the fingerprints and corresponding criminal history information for more than 47 million subjects. Maintains the largest Biometric database in the world, containing the fingerprints and corresponding criminal history information for more than 47 million subjects. The fingerprints and corresponding criminal history information are submitted voluntarily by state, local, and federal law enforcement agencies. The fingerprints and corresponding criminal history information are submitted voluntarily by state, local, and federal law enforcement agencies.

28. Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Fingerprint Advances The recovery of latent (hidden) fingerprints is not longer restricted to powder: Superglue fuming Laser applications Unique powders Technology has advanced to the point wherein some jurisdictions use superglue fuming wands at the crime scene

29. Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Fuming There are several types of fuming, the most recent is “super glue fuming.” Super glue contains the chemical Cyanoacrylate. When heated this substance sticks to trace oils, hardens and when dry it is visible.

30. Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Ballistics Class Characteristics are identified by lands. Class Characteristics are identified by lands. Individual Characteristics are identified by striations Individual Characteristics are identified by striations

31. Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Firearms Identification

32. Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster National Integrated Ballistic Identification System In 1993, prior to NIBIN’s, the FBI (DRUGFIRE) and ATF (BULLETPROOF/CEASEFIRE) established separate computerized ballistics imaging systems. NIBIN was established in 1997 to unify these systems. There are currently over 220 crime labs participating.

33. Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster DNA Basics Transfer theory demonstrates that wherever we are – we leave behind evidence we where there! Transfer theory demonstrates that wherever we are – we leave behind evidence we where there! Perhaps our fingerprints; or, Perhaps our fingerprints; or, Our bodies are constantly shedding cells, releasing vapor containing cells and shedding hair – we leave it everywhere Our bodies are constantly shedding cells, releasing vapor containing cells and shedding hair – we leave it everywhere

34. Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster DNA Basics (smaller and smaller) Our bodies contain 100 trillion cells. Our bodies contain 100 trillion cells. Most cells contain a center piece called a nucleus. Most cells contain a center piece called a nucleus. The nuclei of our cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes which are the biological instructions of who we are The nuclei of our cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes which are the biological instructions of who we are During conception our parents contribute one half of each pair. During conception our parents contribute one half of each pair.

35. Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster DNA Basics (smaller and smaller) Inside each chromosome there are as many as a hundred thousand pair of genes – the fundamental building blocks of our hereditary traits. Inside each chromosome there are as many as a hundred thousand pair of genes – the fundamental building blocks of our hereditary traits. There are many variations for genes, but really two classifications. There are many variations for genes, but really two classifications. General – those that identify us as humans General – those that identify us as humans Specific – those that give us individual characteristics Specific – those that give us individual characteristics

36. Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster DNA Basics (smaller and smaller) Our genes are made up of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Our genes are made up of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) DNA consists of a long string of four repeating nucleotides: DNA consists of a long string of four repeating nucleotides: Adenine (A) Adenine (A) Cytosine (C) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) Guanine (G) Thymine (T) Thymine (T) This long string of repeating nucleotides is called a polymer

37. Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster DNA Basics (smaller and smaller) Cells Nucleus Chromosomes Genes DNA

38. Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster DNA Basics A complete DNA molecule has to polymer strands with four bases – it is a tightly woven, double helix, with 3.3 billion pairs of nucleotides Base Pairs

39. Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster DNA Basics Most of our DNA is exactly the same, only a small percentage is different from each other. Most of our DNA is exactly the same, only a small percentage is different from each other. The location where specific DNA information is located is called a locus. The location where specific DNA information is located is called a locus. The information that is different between individuals is called Polymorphisms – the part examined during forensic DNA analysis. The information that is different between individuals is called Polymorphisms – the part examined during forensic DNA analysis.

40. Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster DNA Databases Like fingerprint information, DNA information is converted to a numerical value for ease of search. Like fingerprint information, DNA information is converted to a numerical value for ease of search. Combined DNA Information System (CODIS) is actually a combination of databases. Combined DNA Information System (CODIS) is actually a combination of databases. 153 Laboratories in 49 states 153 Laboratories in 49 states Actually includes three different type of databases Actually includes three different type of databases Convicted Sex Offender, other offenders, missing persons Convicted Sex Offender, other offenders, missing persons

41. Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster www.hitechcj.com