1. Slide 1 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT 10 A Topical Approach to John W. Santrock Emotional Development

2. Slide 2 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Emotional Development Exploring Emotions Development of Emotion Temperament Attachment and Love

3. Slide 3 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. What Are Emotions? Feeling or affect in a state or interaction characterized by –Behavioral expression –Conscious experience –Physiological arousal Positive and negative expressions Exploring Emotions

4. Slide 4 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. What Are Emotions? Exploring Emotions Facial expressions of basic emotions –Biological nature; same across cultures When, where, and how to express emotions are not culturally universal Biological roots…but shaped by culture and relationships

5. Slide 5 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. A Functionalist View of Emotion Individuals’ attempts to adapt to specific contextual demands Relational Linked with an individual’s goals Nature of goal can affect experience Exploring Emotions

6. Slide 6 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Emotional Regulation Effectively managing arousal to adapt and reach a goal –Involves state of alertness or activation –States can be too high for effective functioning Development of Emotion

7. Slide 7 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Developing Emotional Regulation Exploring Emotions As one ages or matures: Regulation shifts from external sources to internal resources Cognitive strategies for regulation and ability to shift focus increase Ability to effectively cope with stress increases Develop greater capacity to modulate emotional arousal More adept with age at selecting and managing situations, relationships

8. Slide 8 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Emotional Competence Skills Exploring Emotions Being aware of own emotional states and those of others Using appropriate emotional vocabulary Having empathic and sympathetic sensitivity to others’ experiences Seeing self as feeling like one wants to feel Understanding inner emotional states and outer expressions may not correspond Adaptively coping with negative emotions Being aware that emotional expression plays major role in relationships

9. Slide 9 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Development of Emotion Early emotions –Present in humans and other animals –Appear in first six months of life –Surprise, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust Self-conscious emotions –Appear in first 18 months to 2 years –Acquire and use society’s standards and rules –Empathy, jealousy, and embarrassment

10. Slide 10 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Infant Crying Development of Emotion Basic cry –Rhythmic pattern usually consisting of cry, briefer silence, shorter inspiratory whistle, and brief rest Anger cry –Similar to basic cry, linked to exasperation or rage, with more excess air forced through vocal chords Pain cry –Sudden appearance of loud crying, no preliminary moaning; stimulated by high-intensity stimulus

11. Slide 11 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Infant Smiling Reflexive smile –Does not occur in response to external stimuli –Occurs during first month after birth, usually during sleep Social smile –Response to external stimulus –Occurs about 2 or 3 months of age –Typically in response to a face Development of Emotion

12. Slide 12 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Fear First appears about 6 mos.; peaks at 18 mos. Stranger anxiety — infant’s fear and wariness of strangers; intense between 9 and 12 mos. –Affected by social context, stranger’s characteristics –Individual variations Separation protest — crying when caregiver leaves; peaks about 15 months of age Development of Emotion

13. Slide 13 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Separation Protest in Four Cultures Development of Emotion Fig. 10.3

14. Slide 14 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Emotional Regulation and Coping Infants use self-soothing strategies for coping –Controversy over how caregivers should respond –‘swaddling’ technique Later in infancy, attention is redirected or infant uses distraction to cope By age 2, toddlers use language Contexts influence emotional regulation Development of Emotion

15. Slide 15 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Early Childhood Young children experience many emotions Self-Conscious Emotions –Pride, shame, embarrassment, and guilt –First appear about age 18 months –Ability to reflect on emotions increases with age Development of Emotion

16. Slide 16 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Developmental Changes In Emotions During Middle and Late Childhood Development of Emotion Increased emotional understanding Increased tendency to take fuller account of events leading to emotional reactions Develops capacity for genuine empathy Marked improvements in ability to suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions Use of self-initiated strategies for redirecting feelings

17. Slide 17 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Coping with Stress Coping is more effective as children age –Older children have more coping strategies –By age 10, most use cognitive strategies

18. Slide 18 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Coping with Stress Recommendations –Reassure children of safety and security –Allow retelling and discussion of events –Encourage discussion of feelings –Help children make sense of events

19. Slide 19 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Adolescence Time of emotional turmoil but not constantly Emotional changes instantly occur with little provocation –Girls more vulnerable to depression –Adolescent moodiness is normal –Hormonal changes and environmental experiences involved in changing emotions Development of Emotion

20. Slide 20 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Self-Reported Extremes of Emotions by Adolescents and their Parents Development of Emotion Fig. 10.4

21. Slide 21 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Adulthood Adapt more effectively when emotionally intelligent Developmental changes in emotion continue through adult years Older adults have more positive emotions, report better control of emotions Development of Emotion

22. Slide 22 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Changes in Positive & Negative Emotion Across the Adult Years Development of Emotion Fig. 10.5

23. Slide 23 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Socioemotional Selectivity Theory Older adults become more selective about their social networks –Place a high value on emotional satisfaction and maximize positive emotional experiences –Spend more time with familiar individuals providing rewarding relationships –Seek more emotion-related goals than knowledge-related goals Development of Emotion

24. Slide 24 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Model of Socio-emotional Selectivity Development of Emotion Fig. 10.6

25. Slide 25 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Temperament Individual’s behavioral style and characteristic way of emotional response –Closely linked to personality Rothbart and Bates’ Classification –Extraversion urgency –Negative affectivity –Effortful control (self-regulation) Temperament

26. Slide 26 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chess and Thomas’ Classification Three basic types or clusters –Easy child: positive mood; quickly establishes routines; adapts easily to new experiences –Difficult child: reacts negatively; cries frequently; has irregular routines; slow to accept new experiences –Slow-to-warm-up child: low activity level; somewhat negative; shows low adaptability; displays low-intensity mood Temperament

27. Slide 27 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Kagan’s Behavioral Inhibition Differences between children –Shy, subdued, and timid –Sociable, extraverted, bold Inhibition shows considerable stability from infancy through early childhood Temperament

28. Slide 28 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Biological Foundations and Experience Physiological characteristics are associated with different temperaments Heredity is aspect of temperament’s biological foundations Attributes become more stable over time as self-perceptions, behavioral preferences, and social experiences form personality Temperament

29. Slide 29 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Developmental Connections Temperament ChildAdult Easy temperamentGood adjustment Difficult temperament Adjustment, school, and marital problems Inhibition Low assertiveness, job and school delays Good emotional control

30. Slide 30 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Developmental Contexts Gender may be important factor that influences fate of temperament Many aspects of child’s environment encourage or discourage persistence of temperament characteristics Goodness of Fit –Match between child’s temperament and environmental demands Temperament

31. Slide 31 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Parenting and Child’s Temperament Some temperament characteristics pose more challenges than others Management strategies that worked for one child may not work for next one –Be sensitive to individual characteristics of child –Structure the child’s environment to provide as good a fit as possible with child’s temperament –Avoid labeling as “difficult child” Temperament

32. Slide 32 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Theories of Attachment Attachment — close emotional bond between two people Social orientation and understanding –Face-to-face play for infants and caregivers –Locomotion enables infant independence –Goal-directed behaviors indicate intentions –Social referencing for reading emotional cues Attachment and Love

33. Slide 33 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Theories of Attachment Freud — infants attach to person or object providing oral satisfaction –Harlow’s study proved otherwise Erikson — first year of life is key time for attachment development –Sense of trust or mistrust sets later expectations Attachment and Love

34. Slide 34 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Theories of Attachment Bowlby — stresses importance of attachment in first year and responsiveness of caregiver Attachment and Love

35. Slide 35 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Theories of Attachment Bowlby Phase 1: birth to 2 months: direct attachment to human figures Phase 2: 2 to 7 months of age: directs attachment to primary caregiver; distinguish familiar from unfamiliar Phase 3: 7 to 24 months of age: specific attachments and seeks contact/increased locomotor skills Phase 4: 24 months and older: aware of other’s feelings & goals/ plans activities Attachment and Love

36. Slide 36 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Individual Differences and the Strange Situation Ainsworth’s measure of infant attachment to caregiver –Requires infant to move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions –Some infants have more positive attachments than others Attachment and Love

37. Slide 37 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Attachment Categories Attachment and Love Insecure disorganized Securely attached Insecure avoidant Insecure resistant Shows insecurity by being disorganized, disoriented Caregiver is secure base to explore environment from Shows insecurity by avoiding the caregiver Clings to caregiver, then resists by fighting against the closeness

38. Slide 38 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Significance of Attachment Secure attachment in first year is important foundation for psychological development Some developmentalists believe too much emphasis on attachment bond in infancy –Ignores the diversity of socializing agents and contexts that exists in an infant’s world –Ignores that infants are highly resilient and adaptive Attachment and Love

39. Slide 39 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Caregiving Styles and Attachment Classification Attachment and Love Baby’s AttachmentCaregiver Behavior Secure Sensitive to signals, available Insecure Avoidant Unavailable or rejecting Insecure Resistant Inconsistent Insecure Disorganized Neglect or physically abuse

40. Slide 40 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cross-Cultural Comparison of Attachment Attachment and Love Fig. 10.7

41. Slide 41 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Mothers and Fathers as Caregivers Maternal interactions usually center on child-care activities –Feeding –Changing diapers –Bathing Paternal interactions more likely to include play, engage in rough-and-tumble acts Attachment and Love

42. Slide 42 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Child Care Many parents worry about child’s care About 2 million children currently receive formal, licensed child care More than 5 million children in kindergarten Types of child care vary extensively in U.S. Attachment and Love

43. Slide 43 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Variations in Child Care Five types of parental leave from work –Maternity leave –Paternity leave –Parental leave –Child-rearing leave –Family leave Sweden has most extensive leave policies Attachment and Love

44. Slide 44 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Variations in Child Care Factors influencing effects of child care –Age of child –Type of child care –Quality of program –Mother’s employment in first year may have negative effect –Types vary by ethnicity and social class Attachment and Love

45. Slide 45 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Variations in Child Care National longitudinal study results –Patterns of use: infants placed sooner –Quality of care: lower for low-income families –Amount of child care: extensive time lessened attachment sensitivity to mother, more behavioral issues –Family and parenting influences are important Attachment and Love

46. Slide 46 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Variations in Child Care Child care strategies for parents –Quality of parenting is key to child’s development –Make decisions that enhance being good parents –Monitor child’s development –Take time to find the best child care Child care may harm some children more than others Attachment and Love

47. Slide 47 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Adolescence Attachment to parents –Secure attachment to both parents positively related to peer and friendship relations –Dismissing/avoidant attachment: de-emphasize importance due to caregiver rejection –Preoccupied/ambivalent attachment: insecure adolescent due to inconsistent parenting –Unresolved/disorganized attachment: insecure adolescent, high fear due to traumatic experiences Attachment and Love

48. Slide 48 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Dating and Romantic Relationships Types of dating and developmental changes Dating scripts –Cognitive models that guide dating interactions Males are proactive, females are reactive Males seek physical attraction, females seek interpersonal qualities Dating involvement linked to later adjustment Sociocultural contexts influences dating Attachment and Love

49. Slide 49 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Age of Onset of Romantic Activity Fig. 10.8

50. Slide 50 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Attachment in Adulthood Adults count on romantic partners to be a secure base to which they can return and obtain comfort, security in stressful times –Attachment-related anxiety –Attachment-related avoidance Infant attachment style often reflected in adult partnership Attachment and Love

51. Slide 51 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Romantic Love Also called passionate love or eros –Complex intermingling of emotions –Strong components of sexuality and infatuation –Often predominates early part of a love relationship Affectionate love or companionate love –Have deep, caring affection for person Attachment and Love

52. Slide 52 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Love Theory that love includes three types –Passion: physical, sexual attraction –Intimacy: warmth, closeness, and sharing –Commitment: intent to remain together Attachment and Love

53. Slide 53 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Sternberg’s Triangle of Love Fig. 10.12

54. Slide 54 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Falling Out of Love Collapse of close relationship –Tragic feelings initially –Over time – happiness and personal development may benefit –One-sided relationships are harmful Attachment and Love

55. Slide 55 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The End 10