1. Chapter 24: Growth of Western Democracies
Section 1: Britain Becomes more Democratic
Section 2: A Century of Reform
Section 3: Division & Democracy in France
Section 4: Expansion of the United States

2. Section 1: Britain Becomes more Democratic
Summary:
In Britain, political change came from gradual reform throughout the 1800s

3. Section 1: Britain Becomes more Democratic
In 1815, Britain had a monarch
It also had a parliament with two political parties
Still, it was NOT democratic
Parliament was made up of the House of Lords (nobles and high-ranking church leaders) and the House of Commons (men elected by the 5% of the population who had the right to vote)

4. Section 1: Britain Becomes more Democratic
Moreover, the House of Lords had the power to veto, or reject, any bill passed by the House of Commons
Therefore, reformers wanted more democracy
In the 1820s England ended laws that restricted some religious groups from voting
Another problem confronting English democracy was the existence of ‘rotten boroughs’

5. Section 1: Britain Becomes more Democratic
The growth of cities had left some rural boroughs, or towns with few voters
These rotten boroughs had more than their fair share of seats in Parliament
The Reform Act of 1832 gave more seats to large towns
It also extended suffrage to all men who owned property

6. Section 1: Britain Becomes more Democratic
Queen Victoria ruled the British Empire from
The Victorian Age was a time for manners hard work, honesty and reform

7. Section 1: Britain Becomes more Democratic
In the 1860s, political parties changed
Nobles and landowners of the Tory Party joined the new Conservative Party
The mostly Middle-class Whig Party grew into the Liberal Party
Both Parties wanted Democracy

8. Section 1: Britain Becomes more Democratic
A Conservative bill extended suffrage to working class men
Later, liberals extended suffrage to include farmers and most other men
Another Liberal bill limited the veto power of the House of Lords & gave the House of Commons more power

9. Section 2: A Century of Reform
Summary:
In the 1800s and early 1900s, Parliament passed many reform measures

10. Section 2: A Century of Reform
From 1815 to 1914, British reformers called for change
New laws improved working conditions and allowed trade unions
They also provided for free elementary schools reduced harsh punishments for crimes and ended slavery
Trade reforms lowered tariffs, or taxes on imported goods

11. Section 2: A Century of Reform
In 1900, the trade unions founded a new political party, the Labour Party
It pushed through more laws to protect workers

12. Section 2: A Century of Reform
British women called for the right of suffrage, or the right vote
They held huge rallies and marches
When these demonstrations failed, some protesters smashed windows and burned buildings
A few went on hunger strikes
In 1918, Parliament gave the right to vote for women over 30, in 1928 suffrage was extended to include women 18 and over

13. Section 2: A Century of Reform
Throughout the 1800s, Nationalists in Ireland fought British rule
Ireland demanded CHANGE!!!
No longer would the Irish pay high rents to their British landlords
No longer would Irish Catholics turn over their money to support the Church of England
No longer would Irish crops go to England while Irish families starved

14. Section 2: A Century of Reform

15. Section 2: A Century of Reform
In the 1870s, Irish Nationalists called for Home Rule, or local self-government
Finally, in 1914, Parliament passed a home rule bill
Counties in the South of Ireland became independent in 1921

16. Section 2: A Century of Reform
Quiz – Irish Potato Famine
1.) Give a reason for the severity of the famine.
2.) How did the actions of England worsen this disaster?

17. Section 3: Division & Democracy in France
Summary:
Democratic reforms in France took place under Napoleon III’s Second Empire and its successor, the Third Republic

18. Section 3: Division & Democracy in France
After the French Revolution of 1848, Louis Napoleon was elected president of the Second Republic
He was the nephew to Napoleon Bonaparte and his famous name won him votes

19. Section 3: Division & Democracy in France
The working class liked his talk of social reform
But in 1852, he declared himself Napoleon III ruler of the Second Empire
He ruled like a dictator, censoring the press and choosing officials
However, he did keep his word to workers, by allowing them to set up unions and free health care

20. Section 3: Division & Democracy in France
While Napoleon III made reforms at home he made major mistakes in foreign policy
He tried to take power in Mexico and failed
In 1870, a crushing defeat at the hands of Prussia (Bismarck & William I) ended the Second Empire

21. Section 3: Division & Democracy in France
The Third Republic arose
It had a more democratic two-house legislature
All men could vote for members of the lower house
The two houses elected a president, but the real power belonged to the premier, or Prime Minister
A constitution separated church & state and guarded human rights

22. Section 3: Division & Democracy in France
In 1894, a scandal shook the Third Republic
Captain Albert Dreyfus was jailed for spying for the Germans
Some people felt the Army blamed Dreyfus solely because he was Jewish
In the end Dreyfus was proven innocent

23. Section 3: Division & Democracy in France
The Dreyfus Affair, along with antisemitism (or prejudice against Jewish people), across Europe worried Jewish leaders
Some began to call for a separate state where Jewish people would have the rights and freedoms denied to them in European countries

24. Section 4: Expansion of the United States
Summary:
In the United States, as in much of the world, the 1800s were a time of changing borders, growing industry and new laws

25. Section 4: Expansion of the United States
The United States grew and changed greatly in the 1800s
Many Americans felt it was their right to settle all the land between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
Settlers moved west, taking lands from the Native Americans

26. Section 4: Expansion of the United States
In 1803, President Jefferson bought land from France
His Louisiana Purchase almost doubled the size of the Unites States

27. Section 4: Expansion of the United States
In 1848, Mexico gave up California and much of the Southwest
In 1867, the U.S. bought Alaska from Russia
In 1898, it gained Hawaii
War with Spain in 1898 gave the U.S. control of Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Guam

28. Section 4: Expansion of the United States

29. Section 4: Expansion of the United States
During the 1800s, two movements brought greater democracy
Abolitionists worked to end slavery
Women who worked in the abolitionist movement began to organize a women’s rights movement
They called for equality under the law, at work and in schools

30. Section 4: Expansion of the United States
By 1860, economic conflicts split the nation
The South relied on farming
The North was more industrialized
The regions also disagreed on the issue of slavery

31. Section 4: Expansion of the United States
Southern plantations felt they needed slave labor
The South worried about President-elect Abraham Lincoln’s opposition to the extension of slavery into new territories

32. Section 4: Expansion of the United States
In 1861, southern states seceded, or separated from the Union
The American Civil War began
The North won the war in 1865, and the nation was reunited
It had been the bloodiest war in American history