1. 1 of 99 The EPA 7-Step DQO Process Step 1 - State the Problem Presenter: Sebastian Tindall (60 minutes) (15 minute Morning Break) Day 2 DQO Training Course Module 1

2. 2 of 99 Objective Based on comprehensive Scoping, to be able to develop, for a specific project: 1. a list of contaminants of concern, 2. a conceptual site model (CSM), 3. a problem statement(s)

3. 3 of 99 Generic Flow Chart Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Information OUT to Next Step Information IN From Previous Step Actions

4. 4 of 99 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Information OUT to Next Step Information IN From Previous Step Actions Added information is presented in bubbles to explain how to implement an action or explain items to consider. Generic Flow Chart

5. 5 of 99 Examples n There are two types of examples found in this training –The general example CS –The case study that is used to show the flow of the logic. The same case study is used for each step. It is called “Heli-101 Pad” and has the icon in the upper right corner.

6. 6 of 99 Step Objective: To clearly define the Problem so that the focus of the Project will be unambiguous Step 1: State the Problem Step 4: Specify Boundaries Step 2: Identify Decisions Step 3: Identify Inputs Step 1: State the Problem Step 5: Define Decision Rules Step 6 : Specify Error Tolerances Step 7 : Optimize Sample Design

7. 7 of 99 Step 1a - State the Problem Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Identify the DQO Team and define each member’s roles and responsibilities Continue activities Identify the decision makers and define each member’s roles and responsibilities Identify the Stakeholders and determine who will represent their interests Planning Meeting Identify available resources and relevant deadlines

8. 8 of 99 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Identify the DQO Team and define each member’s roles and responsibilities Continue activities Identify the decision makers and define each member’s roles and responsibilities Identify the Stakeholders and determine who will represent their interests Planning Meeting Identify available resources and relevant deadlines The DQO Team is the technical group that will develop the DQOs for the project The number of members will be directly related to the size and complexity of the problem Step 1a - State the Problem

9. 9 of 99 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Identify the DQO Team and define each member’s roles and responsibilities Continue activities Identify the decision makers and define each member’s roles and responsibilities Identify the Stakeholders and determine who will represent their interests Planning Meeting Identify available resources and relevant deadlines DQO Team may include: Chemist Hydrogeologist Engineer Safety Specialist Statistician Modeler Quality Assurance (QA)/ Quality Control (QC) Specialist Etc. Step 1a - State the Problem

10. 10 of 99 DQO Team Members CS

11. 11 of 99 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Identify the DQO Team and define each member’s roles and responsibilities Continue activities Identify the decision makers and define each member’s roles and responsibilities Identify the Stakeholders and determine who will represent their interests Planning Meeting Identify available resources and relevant deadlines Stipulate the anticipated budget, available personnel, and contractual vehicles to be used Enumerate any deadlines for completion of the study and any intermediate deadlines that may need to be met Step 1a - State the Problem

12. 12 of 99 Available Resources and Deadlines CS

13. 13 of 99 Budget and Milestones n As is the case in the example, budgets and schedules are often set without any systematic planning n It is preferred that the DQO Process be performed well before the budget and schedule are established n Budgets for implementing the DQO Process are a must n The results of the DQO Process can then be used to set the remaining project schedule and budget

14. 14 of 99 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Identify the DQO Team and define each member’s roles and responsibilities Continue activities Identify the decision makers and define each member’s roles and responsibilities Identify the Stakeholders and determine who will represent their interests Planning Meeting Identify available resources and relevant deadlines Decision makers are those that have authority over the study and are representatives of: Department of the Army Environmental Protection Agency State Regulatory Agency Step 1a - State the Problem

15. 15 of 99 Decision Makers CS

16. 16 of 99 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Identify the DQO Team and define each member’s roles and responsibilities Continue activities Identify the decision makers and define each member’s roles and responsibilities Identify the Stakeholders and determine who will represent their interests Planning Meeting Identify available resources and relevant deadlines Decision Makers: Seek, consider, and represent the concerns of the Stakeholders Have the ultimate authority for making final decisions based on the recommendations of the DQO Team Step 1a - State the Problem

17. 17 of 99 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Identify the DQO Team and define each member’s roles and responsibilities Continue activities Identify the decision makers and define each member’s roles and responsibilities Identify the Stakeholders and determine who will represent their interests Planning Meeting Identify available resources and relevant deadlines Stakeholders are groups or individuals that will be impacted by the decisions made as a result of the DQO Process. Step 1a - State the Problem

18. 18 of 99 Stakeholders CS

19. 19 of 99 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Scoping Process Results: Collect site history, process knowledge, Summarize existing analytical data Specify areas to be investigated Summarize all recorded spills and releases Document applicable regulations Current housekeeping practices Current local environmental conditions Administrative and logistical elements Step 1b - State the Problem

20. 20 of 99 Remedial Action Soil Process Knowledge n Heli-101 flight pad used 1970-1995 n Used to load, unload and maintain aircraft n Used oils and fuels spilled and washed off pad, draining to the surrounding soil n 1980 used as staging area for transformer and motor oils CS

21. 21 of 99 n 1990s used as area to decon equipment from the Gulf War n Collection sump used to capture pad rinsate from Gulf War n Equipment was washed to remove depleted uranium n 1995 trace uranium found on pad CS Remedial Action Soil Process Knowledge (cont.)

22. 22 of 99 Summary of Existing Data n All data collected from surface soil (0-6”) n Summary of existing total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) data n See next table n All TPHs were below regulatory limit of 100 mg/kg n PCBs detected in 2 of 5 samples and were above state limit of 1 mg/kg n No other volatiles, semivolatiles, or metals (excluding Pb, U) were detected above background n The Base ground and surface water have not detected contamination CS

23. 23 of 99 RI/FS Data –Inorganics and TPH (surface soil samples) CS

24. 24 of 99 RI/FS Data –PCBs (surface soil samples) CS

25. 25 of 99 Areas to be Investigated CS Plan View Former Pad Location Runoff Zone 050100150 ft 01530 46 m Buffer Zone

26. 26 of 99 Summary of Spills and Releases* n Pad is ~75’ in diameter n Add 50’ to include the Run-off area (d=125’) n Buffer Zone is ~265’ in diameter, with Pad centered within n Area of Pad is 4,418 ft 2 n Area of Pad + Run-off Area = 12,272 ft 2 n Area of Buffer Zone is 42,884 ft 2 (excluding Pad and Run-off area) *Does not include layback area CS

27. 27 of 99 n Volume of Pad & Run-off zone, 0-6”, is 227 yd 3 n Volume of Buffer Zone, 0-6”, is 794 yd 3 (excluding Pad and Run-off area) n Volume of Pad & Run-off zone, 6”-10’, is 4,318 yd 3 n Volume of Buffer Zone, 6”-10’, is 15,089 yd 3 (excluding Pad area) *Does not include layback area Summary of Spills and Releases* (cont.) CS

28. 28 of 99 n No releases recorded before 1977 (e.g., before adopting RCRA) n Drum inventories from 1980s were imprecise n Reports from 1990s were sparse and not declassified. One report did include uranium data from the sump at 450 mg/L. n Interviews indicate that predominant metals were Pb and U. U was depleted. CS *Does not include layback area Summary of Spills and Releases* (cont.)

29. 29 of 99 Current Conditions n Housekeeping practices –physically barricaded to prevent use n Site conditions and local environment –Pad is removed, land is barren without vegetation –Avg. rainfall ~20 in./yr –Groundwater at ~50 ft below grade –Temperatures range 12 to 98°F –No endangered species –No cover or water collection system CS

30. 30 of 99 n Areas to be investigated: –exclude surface or groundwater –exclude biota (covered by overall base program) –include soil via direct exposure –include soil area/volume Current Conditions (cont.) CS

31. 31 of 99 Scoping Issues n The degree and extent of soil contamination reported from the RI/FS is questionable n There are different opinions as to whether multiple constituents of interest exist and whether the constituents are present above regulated levels at the site CS

32. 32 of 99 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Conduct interviews with decision makers and Stakeholders to determine their: Objectives Requirements (applies to decision makers only) Concerns Specify interview issues Hold Global Issues Meeting to resolve scoping and interview issues Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Continue activities Any differences in interviewees’ objectives, requirements or concerns are listed as issues. Step 1c - State the Problem Note

33. 33 of 99 Interview Issues n Shipment of wastes from the base could impact the local community: Local authorities expressed a concern over the transport of hazardous materials from the Base. Of particular concern was the impact to community traffic flow and the potential for an accidental release. CS

34. 34 of 99 n Suitability/protectiveness of cleanup standards: Current State regulations regarding cleanup levels have been questioned by local stakeholders (special interest groups) as to their degree of protectiveness. Current special interest groups have argued that contamination, at any level, poses an unnecessary and unacceptable threat to human health and the environment. These special interest groups have asserted that the Base has a moral obligation to remove all detectable contamination in order to ensure that the surrounding community and wildlife is protected. Interview Issues (cont.) CS

35. 35 of 99 n Schedule delays, cost overruns, lack of sufficient sample data: The Base has expressed concerns over the involvement of special interests, particularly, those who would require that the Base perform potentially unneeded cleanup operations that are well beyond the scope and intent of the law. The Base has also expressed a concern that the operation be managed within the schedule and costs for which the project has been assigned. There is also a need to collect data that will be sufficient for its intended purpose; site closure/risk assessment input, or, designation of the waste for cleanup and disposal. CS Interview Issues (cont.)

36. 36 of 99 n Land Use: –Base commander believes land use is industrial –EPA believes land use should be residential CS Interview Issues (cont.)

37. 37 of 99 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Conduct interviews with decision makers and Stakeholders to determine their: Objectives Requirements (applies to decision makers only) Concerns Specify interview issues Hold Global Issues Meeting to resolve scoping and interview issues Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Continue activities Global Issues Meeting: Resolve any outstanding scoping issues and/or interview issues with decision makers. Step 1c - State the Problem

38. 38 of 99 CS

39. 39 of 99 Global Issues Meeting n Scoping Issue: –The degree and extent of soil contamination reported from the RI/FS is questionable n Resolution: –Currently available historical information (existing data) was collected with the intent to characterize the site for disposal according to RI/FS considerations. However, such characterization data are not sufficient to support a decision for site closure or a decision to conduct additional remedial action if deemed necessary. CS

40. 40 of 99 n Interview Issue: –Shipment of wastes from the Base could impact the local community: Local authorities expressed a concern over the transport of hazardous materials from the Base. Of particular concern was the impact to community traffic flow and the potential for an accidental release. Global Issues Meeting (cont.) CS

41. 41 of 99 n Resolution: –The only quantities planned for off-site shipment are small quantities of slightly contaminated soil and/or water that would be sent to an independent analytical laboratory. Large shipments of hazardous substances are not planned. All Department of Transportation regulations will be followed as applicable. Shipments will be timed for off-peak traffic hours. If a large-scale soil remediation project is spawned as a result of the sampling effort, waste shipments will be planned at that time, and in such a way as to minimize the impact to the community. CS Global Issues Meeting (cont.)

42. 42 of 99 n Interview Issue: –Suitability/protectiveness of cleanup standards: Current State cleanup standards are questioned by the interest groups. The concern is that the standards are not protective of the wild life and community. n Resolution: –The State and Federal agencies have explained the risk assessment process to the interest groups. Compliance with these risk levels will be protective. The State has encouraged the special interest groups to take their concerns to the legislature. Based on more information related to the risk assessment process, the interest groups indicated that the approach was logical. CS Global Issues Meeting (cont.)

43. 43 of 99 n Interview Issue: –Schedule delays, cost overruns, lack of sufficient sample data: The Base has expressed concerns over the involvement of special interests, particularly, those who would require that the Base perform potentially unneeded cleanup operations that are well beyond the scope and intent of the law. The Base has also expressed a concern that the operation be managed within the schedule and costs (presented later in this example) for which the project has been assigned. There is also a need to collect data that will be sufficient for its intended purpose; site closure/risk assessment input, or, designation of the waste for cleanup and disposal. CS Global Issues Meeting (cont.)

44. 44 of 99 n Resolution: –The Base is relying on the DQO Process to determine the most cost-effective and technically defendable means for collection of samples. Furthermore, the Base will be using the DQO Process to document agreement of the sampling strategy with the regulators and local community as a means of reducing base liability. The SAP generated from the DQO effort will result in data collection sufficient for its intended purpose. CS Global Issues Meeting (cont.)

45. 45 of 99 n Interview Issue: –Data will not be of sufficient quality for risk assessment: Regulators are concerned that previous data are not of the quality to support risk assessment. n Resolution: –Regulators will be participants in the DQO Process which defines the data and quality requirements. In addition, they may take split samples at the same time sampling is performed. CS Global Issues Meeting (cont.)

46. 46 of 99 n Interview Issue: –Conflicting land uses (industrial vs. residential): Regulators believe the land use is residential which decreases the allowable risk (10 -6 as opposed to 10 -5 ) and may result in allowing higher concentrations to remain in the soil. Base command believes the land use is industrial. CS Global Issues Meeting (cont.)

47. 47 of 99 n Resolution: –For all government facilities a federal facility agreement (FFA) is signed between the EPA/State and the federal agency that owns the site (e.g., DOE or military). By law, this agreement indicates that the federal agency owning the site can designate the land use or agree to negotiate the land use. The FFA indicated that the military would designate the land use, thus, it will be industrial. CS Global Issues Meeting (cont.)

48. 48 of 99 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Global Issues Resolutions Conceptual Site Model Problem Statement Estimate COPC distributions Provide rationale for COPC exclusions Create final list of COPCs with rationale for inclusions Specify release mechanisms Identify fate and transport mechanisms List potential receptors Discuss decision drivers Write CSM Summary Narrative Identify COPCs Step 1d - State the Problem

49. 49 of 99 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Global Issues Resolutions Conceptual Site Model Problem Statement Estimate COPC distributions Provide rationale for COPC exclusions Create final list of COPCs with rationale for inclusions Specify release mechanisms Identify fate and transport mechanisms List potential receptors Discuss decision drivers Write CSM Summary Narrative Identify COPCs Define the total list of COPCs : Identify: Source of contamination:Reactor fuel rods Type of contamination from each source:Fission products Specific COPCsAm-241, Co-60, Cs-137 Step 1d - State the Problem

50. 50 of 99 CS

51. 51 of 99 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Global Issues Resolutions Conceptual Site Model Problem Statement Estimate COPC distributions Provide rationale for COPC exclusions Create final list of COPCs with rationale for inclusions Specify release mechanisms Identify fate and transport mechanisms List potential receptors Discuss decision drivers Write CSM Summary Narrative Identify COPCs Identify COPC Exclusions: Develop rationale for the exclusion of any of the COPCs Document the rationale for any exclusions Example:- Isotope with short half-life - No health or ecological risk Step 1d - State the Problem

52. 52 of 99 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Global Issues Resolutions Conceptual Site Model Problem Statement Estimate COPC distributions Provide rationale for COPC exclusions Create final list of COPCs with rationale for inclusions Specify release mechanisms Identify fate and transport mechanisms List potential receptors Discuss decision drivers Write CSM Summary Narrative Identify COPCs Consider the following questions: 1. Was the compound/element ever used at the site? 2. Does the compound react with water and thus no longer exist? 3. For waste, does the pH of the matrix degrade the compound? 4. Is the compound volatile and thus evaporate? Step 1d - State the Problem

53. 53 of 99 COPC Exclusions CS

54. 54 of 99 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Global Issues Resolutions Conceptual Site Model Problem Statement Estimate COPC distributions Provide rationale for COPC exclusions Create final list of COPCs with rationale for inclusions Specify release mechanisms Identify fate and transport mechanisms List potential receptors Discuss decision drivers Write CSM Summary Narrative Identify COPCs Identify the Final List of COPCs Step 1d - State the Problem

55. 55 of 99 Final List of COPCs CS

56. 56 of 99 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Global Issues Resolutions Conceptual Site Model Problem Statement Estimate COPC distributions Provide rationale for COPC exclusions Create final list of COPCs with rationale for inclusions Specify release mechanisms Identify fate and transport mechanisms List potential receptors Discuss decision drivers Write CSM Summary Narrative Identify COPCs How the release occurred? Still occurring? Single large release? Small release over long time? Stack release of gases? Contaminated debris? Step 1d - State the Problem

57. 57 of 99 Release Mechanisms n How the COPCs arrived at the facility COPCs were typically washed from spills on the helicopter pad and into the surrounding soil. Because all remaining structures have been removed during pad decommissioning, the only physical component in the CSM is environmental media (e.g., gravel, sand, and soil). The soil is suspected of being contaminated by spilled material that was washed from the pad at various times during the pad’s history. The physical components of the site include surface and subsurface soils and gravel within the known boundaries of the spill. CS

58. 58 of 99 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Global Issues Resolutions Conceptual Site Model Problem Statement Estimate COPC distributions Provide rationale for COPC exclusions Create final list of COPCs with rationale for inclusions Specify release mechanisms Identify fate and transport mechanisms List potential receptors Discuss decision drivers Write CSM Summary Narrative Identify COPCs Begin to evaluate the fate & transport of COPCs Begin to evaluate the distribution of COPCs Step 1d - State the Problem

59. 59 of 99 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Global Issues Resolutions Conceptual Site Model Problem Statement Estimate COPC distributions Provide rationale for COPC exclusions Create final list of COPCs with rationale for inclusions Specify release mechanisms Identify fate and transport mechanisms List potential receptors Discuss decision drivers Write CSM Summary Narrative Identify COPCs Step 1d - State the Problem Used to make assumption on the distribution (lateral/vertical) of COPCs Dependent on: Types of COPCs expected How they arrived Amount of time since the release Environmental conditions since the release Effect of natural processes Wind, weather, erosion, re-charge, etc. Types of sampling media: Soil Concrete Groundwater Gravel Etc.

60. 60 of 99 Fate and Transport n How has fate and transport mechanisms affected the COPCs Unimpeded access is assumed for all sampling media. Because the site has been exposed to weather (precipitation) since the spill occurrences, some transport into the subsurface is likely to have occurred; therefore, to support clean site confirmation, the underlying soil is included within the boundaries of the site. CS

61. 61 of 99 Create final list of COPCs with rationale for inclusions Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Global Issues Resolutions Conceptual Site Model Problem Statement Estimate COPC distributions Provide rationale for COPC exclusions Specify release mechanisms Identify fate and transport mechanisms List potential receptors Discuss decision drivers Write CSM Summary Narrative Identify COPCs Examples of receptors are Humans Plants Animals Step 1d - State the Problem

62. 62 of 99 Receptors n Future land use –It is anticipated that the land must be released for industrial use at some future time. Therefore, potential receptors include human workers as well as the surrounding biota (e.g., shrubbery). CS

63. 63 of 99 n Data for groundwater wells on the military base have not indicated contamination attributable to this site n This leads one to believe that there is no groundwater contamination, thus the groundwater ingestion pathway is not complete and does not require added investigation. Industrial workers will use sanitary water from the city. Potential Receptors CS

64. 64 of 99 CS Potential Receptors (cont.)

65. 65 of 99 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Global Issues Resolutions Conceptual Site Model Problem Statement Estimate COPC distributions Provide rationale for COPC exclusions Create final list of COPCs with rationale for inclusions Specify release mechanisms Identify fate and transport mechanisms List potential receptors Discuss decision drivers Write CSM Summary Narrative Identify COPCs Spatial and frequency distributions This is key point for determining the number of samples Step 1d - State the Problem

66. 66 of 99 Football Field One-Acre Football Field 30'0"

67. 67 of 99 Spatial Distribution - Football Field

68. 68 of 99 Probability Density Function

69. 69 of 99 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Global Issues Resolutions Conceptual Site Model Problem Statement Estimate COPC distributions Provide rationale for COPC exclusions Create final list of COPCs with rationale for inclusions Specify release mechanisms Identify fate and transport mechanisms List potential receptors Discuss decision drivers Write CSM Summary Narrative Identify COPCs Liquid spill  Plume model (decreasing with distance) Burn pit  Lateral and vertical heterogeneity Tank sludge  Lateral homogeneity/vertical heterogeneity Fill  What information is available about the fill? Concrete  Drivers? Air; Water; Contact Step 1d - State the Problem

70. 70 of 99 Spatial Surface Soil Sample Results B (27, 96, 3, 1.5) D (10, 86, 1, 2.0) E2 (15, 92, 0.03, 11) E1 (12, 112, 0.03, 0.75) C (15, 78, 2.5, 0.03) A (18, 102, 4, 0.03) Letter = sample point Concentrations (Pb, U, TPH, Aroclor 1260) CS Plan View Former Pad Location Runoff Zone 050100150 ft 01530 46 m Buffer Zone

71. 71 of 99 Distributions n Presumed Spatial Distributions of the COPCs –The pad was washed, and therefore the area where the edge of the pad once existed is likely to have higher concentrations than the area further away from the previous edge of the pad. It cannot be assumed that contamination decreases with depth from the surface. However, contamination is expected to decrease with depth; therefore, deeper soils are assigned a lower probability of being contaminated. –The probability of contamination will be scaled within a range bounded by the arbitrary lateral and vertical boundary to be determined during sample optimization (Step 7). This is because the amount of data collected from the RI/FS is not sufficient to define the physical boundaries of the expected residual contamination. The previous RI/FS did not use the DQO Process. CS

72. 72 of 99 Frequency Distribution

73. 73 of 99 Frequency Distribution CS

74. 74 of 99 Histogram CS

75. 75 of 99 Histogram (cont.) CS

76. 76 of 99 CS Histogram (cont.)

77. 77 of 99 CS Histogram (cont.)

78. 78 of 99 M o = M d = M n Normal Mo  Md  MnMo  Md  Mn Lognormal M 0 = mode M d = median M n = mean % of time when x <  is high, (when n is small) Distribution Curves

79. 79 of 99 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Global Issues Resolutions Conceptual Site Model Problem Statement Estimate COPC distributions Provide rationale for COPC exclusions Create final list of COPCs with rationale for inclusions Specify release mechanisms Identify fate and transport mechanisms List potential receptors Discuss decision drivers Write CSM Summary Narrative Identify COPCs Identify driver compounds (e.g., based on greatest risk or movement or half-life) Examine concentration range and compare to action limit (e.g., far below or above action limit, near action level) Step 1d - State the Problem

80. 80 of 99 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Global Issues Resolutions Conceptual Site Model Problem Statement Estimate COPC distributions Provide rationale for COPC exclusions Create final list of COPCs with rationale for inclusions Specify release mechanisms Identify fate and transport mechanisms List potential receptors Discuss decision drivers Write CSM Summary Narrative Identify COPCs Overall objectives of the project: Is the decision risk based? Waste characterization based? Regulatory restraints? Future land uses? Pilot study? Remedial action? Monitoring effort? Characterization effort? All potential data uses/users identified? Step 1d - State the Problem

81. 81 of 99 Decision Drivers n Future land use –Effect of residual contamination on the ecosystem was not previously considered –Direct long-term industrial land use was not considered in the past risk models –All parties agreed to use industrial land use as the scenario –If concentrations are below the levels based on industrial use, the remediation will be complete, otherwise added remediation will be needed CS

82. 82 of 99 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Global Issues Resolutions Conceptual Site Model Problem Statement Estimate COPC distributions Provide rationale for COPC exclusions Create final list of COPCs with rationale for inclusions Specify release mechanisms Identify fate and transport mechanisms List potential receptors Discuss decision drivers Write CSM Summary Narrative Identify COPCs Use information gathered from the scoping process, decision maker interviews and the Global Issues Meeting to develop a CSM The CSM may be presented in the following forms: Narrative statement Graphical Tabular Step 1d - State the Problem The CSM narrative summary states clearly the current understanding of the condition of the site

83. 83 of 99 CSM Narrative n The Heli-101 Pad and the surrounding soil (surface and underlying) extending laterally up to  95 ft in any direction from the perimeter of the pad and up to a depth of 10 ft constitutes the conceptual model for the contaminated site. It is graphically depicted in the plan view and section view in the following section. Surface soil is defined as soil up to a depth of 6 in. and underlying (subsurface) soil is defined as soil up to a further depth of 10 ft. (Etc.………………………………………..) CS

84. 84 of 99 Plan View Section View Former Pad Location Runoff Zone 050100150 ft 0153046 m Former Pad Location Runoff Zone Grade Level 050100150 ft 01530 46 m Vertical not to scale Buffer Zone CSM Spatial Graphical CS Buffer Zone

85. 85 of 99 Overview of the Receptor Pathway (CSM) Tabular CS

86. 86 of 99 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Global Issues Resolutions Conceptual Site Model Problem Statement Estimate COPC distributions Provide rationale for COPC exclusions Create final list of COPCs with rationale for inclusions Specify release mechanisms Identify fate and transport mechanisms List potential receptors Discuss decision drivers Write CSM Summary Narrative Identify COPCs The goal of the DQO Process is to develop a sampling design that will confirm or reject the CSM. Step 1d - State the Problem

87. 87 of 99 Problem Statements n The CSM is used to constrain the problem statement(s) n The Problem Statement(s) allows the planning to be focused on issues that must be resolved with data and makes the problem unambiguous

88. 88 of 99 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Global Issues Resolutions Conceptual Site Model Problem Statement Estimate COPC distributions Provide rationale for COPC exclusions Create final list of COPCs with rationale for inclusions Specify release mechanisms Identify fate and transport mechanisms List potential receptors Discuss decision drivers Write CSM Summary Narrative Identify COPCs A concise problem statement describes: The problem as it is currently understood The conditions that are causing the problem Step 1d - State the Problem

89. 89 of 99 Problem Statement Format  General Format:  In order to [support decisions for site remediation/better understand the nature of the waste/establish a basis for materials management] data are required that define [the nature and extent of contamination/the constituents of concern/the source and characteristics of the materials].

90. 90 of 99 n In order to confirm that the on-site in-situ GC/MS analysis can replace method 8260B results for use in final verification of closure, data regarding volatiles using both methods are needed. n In order to determine whether the concrete should be disposed at a TSCA incinerator, data regarding the PCBs in the concrete surface are needed. Problem Statement Examples

91. 91 of 99 n Process knowledge indicates that there would have been low plutonium concentrations in the wastes disposed through the tank and relatively few other radionuclides should be present. Limited sampling of the sludge indicates that plutonium is distributed within strata throughout the tank; however, this distribution is somewhat heterogeneous and ill- defined. Characterization data are required to evaluate the need for an early removal action and, as required, to determine the appropriate methods for (1) removal of the sludge from Tank Y, (2) stabilization and packaging of the waste, and (3) sludge disposal. ‘Typical’ Problem Statement Example

92. 92 of 99 n In order to determine whether the residual soils at the site are contaminated, data regarding potential contaminants in the surface and underlying soils are needed. Problem Statement CS

93. 93 of 99 Step 1 Summary n Scoping is the most important activity n Adequate resources (time, money, people) must be provided for scoping n Adequate resources must be provided for the DQO Process n Identify the decision makers’ objectives, requirements, and concerns n Performing interviews allows the facilitator to understand each decision maker’s objectives and requirements n Resolving global issues allows technical staff to focus on providing defensible designs

94. 94 of 99 n Global issues include land use and interpretation of regulations Step 1 Summary (cont.) n Logic for inclusion and exclusion of COPCs must be documented n It is possible to greatly decrease the number of COPCs based on sound technical logic n Remember, if there is no receptor there is no risk n CSM is based on scoping n The DQO Process goal is to test the CSM n CSM allows one to focus on problems that are resolved by data/information

95. 95 of 99 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Identify the DQO Team and define each member’s roles and responsibilities Continue activities Identify the decision makers and define each member’s roles and responsibilities Identify the Stakeholders and determine who will represent their interests Planning Meeting Identify available resources and relevant deadlines Step 1a - State the Problem

96. 96 of 99 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Conduct interviews with decision makers and Stakeholders to determine their: Objectives Requirements (applies to decision makers only) Concerns Specify interview issues Hold Global Issues Meeting to resolve scoping and interview issues Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Step 1b - State the Problem Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues

97. 97 of 99 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Continue activities Scoping Process Results: Collect site history, process knowledge, Summarize existing analytical data Specify areas to be investigated Summarize all recorded spills and releases Document applicable regulations Current housekeeping practices Current local environmental conditions Administrative and logistical elements Step 1c - State the Problem

98. 98 of 99 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Global Issues Resolutions Conceptual Site Model Problem Statement Estimate COPC distributions Provide rationale for COPC exclusions Create final list of COPCs with rationale for inclusions Specify release mechanisms Identify fate and transport mechanisms List potential receptors Discuss decision drivers Write CSM Summary Narrative Identify COPCs Step 1d - State the Problem

99. 99 of 99 End of Module 1 Thank you We will now take a 15 minute break. Please be back in 15 minutes.