1. Revolutions (1830-1848 – France)
Please take out your HW so you have these terms/events in front of you

2. The Congress of Vienna & Conservatives
After Napoleon’s defeat, European diplomats let by Metternich met at the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to devise a peace settlement
A victory for conservatives
Conservatives = monarchs and their officials, noble landowners and church leaders
Conservatives supported the political and social order that existed before the French Revolution
Peasants who wanted to preserve traditional ways were also Conservatives

3. New Revolutions in Europe
After Congress of Vienna there was peace among nations in Europe for almost 100 years – but revolutions occurred because of unhappiness with the results
Causes: 2 new movements challenged conservatism
Liberalism: opposed the power of monarchs and sought democratic reforms; supported Laissez-Faire economics
Nationalism: wanted independent nation-states that were free from foreign rule; sometimes led to intolerance of other groups

4. The French Revolution of 1830: Congress of Vienna
Post- Congress of Vienna
Louis XVIII restored to throne, holds on to much power despite new safeguards
Constitution = The Charter of French Liberties
2 house legislature
Limited freedom of the press

5. Sources of Unrest
Ultraroyalists = king’s supporters on the far right who despised Constitutional government and wanted to restore the old regime
Liberals wanted to extend suffrage and win back power for the middle class
Radicals wanted a republic like in 1790s
Urban poor wanted affordable food and decent pay

6. July Revolution
New king Charles X suspended the legislature, limited the right to vote and restricted the press – back to absolute monarchy???
Liberals and radicals threw up barricades, fired on soldiers and took control of Paris
Charles X abdicated and fled to England
Louis Philippe became the new king

7. Les Miserables, a novel by Victor Hugo
Depicts the living conditions and political problems of France and Paris during the French Revolutions of 1830 and 1848.
Characters
Working class

8. French Revolution of 1848: Discontent
In 1840s, radicals forming secret societies to work for a French republic
Utopian socialists wanted an end to private property
Liberals even denounced Louis Philippe’s gov’t for corruption and called for expanded suffrage
Recession = period of reduced economic activity

9. French Revolution of 1848
In 1848 revolution flared across France for the third time
This time, socialist workers and bourgeoisie liberals alike were angry at “citizen king” Louis-Philippe because France’s economy was in a shambles
Militants took to the streets battling royal troops
Louis Philippe then abdicated
New Constitution written, creating a presidency and legislature
Louis Napoleon won the first presidential election

10. “June Days” By June, upper and middle-class won control of the gov’t
Shut down national workshops
“Bread or lead”: Workers took to the Streets but bourgeoisie liberals turned violently on the protesters
Peasants joined in against the rioting workers (b/c didn’t want socialists to take their land)
Finally, rebellion crushed after 1500 killed.

11. Louis Napoleon
@ end of 1848, National Assembly issued new constitution for the 2nd Republic
Strong president and one-house legislature
Gave vote to all adult men, the widest suffrage in the world at the time – in France the vote went from 200,000 to 9 million!
Election for president won by Louis Napoleon, presenting himself as caring about social issues but with a conservative name

12. SERBIA: Nationalistic Revolution
A successful revolution
Serbian identity strengthened when leader Karageorge led unsuccessful guerilla war against Ottomans from
With Russia’s help, Obernovic led second, more successful rebellion
Shared language and religion with Russians
By 1830, Serbs won self-rule within Ottoman Empire (and later on, formal independence)

13. Greece: Nationalistic Revolution
mixed success
Sought independence from Ottomans in 1815
Forged nationalism
Western European nations helped them gain independence in 1830 though forced to accept a German king

14. BELGIUM (1830) A successful revolution
Belgians resented being ruled by Dutch king
Belgians were Catholic, Dutch were Protestant
Belgians were manufacturers, Dutch were traders
Different languages
Barricades thrown up in Brussels; supported by GB & France
Dutch king got no help from Austria, Prussia & Russia b/c they were busy with revolts in their countries
1831 Belgium formed

15. POLAND (1830) Failed revolution Poland under Russian rule
Students, army officers, landowners rose up but brutally crushed by Russian forces
Uprising didn’t have mass support -- peasants not a part

16. 1848: Another Wave
Middle class liberals wanted more political power; protections and rights
Workers wanted relief
Nationalists wanted to throw off foreign rule
Many failed b/c lack of support, disputes among revolutionaries and powerful gov’t resistance
What did middle class liberals want
Workers
Nationalists
Why failures?

17. Austrian Empire
Started when students took to the streets for democracy and individual rights & factory workers joined
Metternich tried to mobilize troops but failed; eventually resigned
At same time, Louis Kossuth led Hungarian nationalists in demand for independent gov’t, end to serfdom and written constitution & Austrian troops needed there
At same time, Czechs made similar demands in Prague
At first Austrian emperor promised reforms but then called on Russians for reinforcements. Order was restored.

18. Italian States
Italy did not exist as we know it in 1848; back then it was made up of small kingdoms
1848: In North, some kingdoms ruled by Austria launched a revolt that overthrew the Austrians and established republican governments
Likewise, people living in southern kingdoms overthrew their kings & created republics as well.
Once Austrian troops put down revolts at home they ousted new gov’ts
Nationalist goals linked up with liberal calls for reform

19. German States
Prussia: King Frederick William IV forced to agree to written Constitution by elected assembly
He dissolved assembly within a year
Issued own constitution keeping power in hands of himself and friends
Frankfurt Assembly: Meeting of delegates from German states in Couldn’t agree on unification. Finally, Prussia’s King Frederick William IV offered crown and he rejected it. Assembly dissolved

20. Summing Up
Revolutions failed b/c military force on part of rulers, lack of mass support and growing gulf between liberals who wanted moderate reform and workers who wanted radical change

21. Why did colonists in Latin America Resent the Spaniards?
Why is it called Latin America? France, Spain, Portugal
Mercantilism: Spain controlled all Latin American trade for the benefit of Spain
Social Order
Most important political and military jobs were controlled by peninsulares (people born in Spain)
Creoles (European-descended Latin Americans who owned haciendas, ranches and mines) resented second-class status
Led revolts
Dominated gov’ts post-revolution
Mestizos (Native American and European) and mulattoes (African & European) were denied staus of whites

22. Opportunity Strikes
When Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Spain he put his own brother on throne
Latin America leaders viewed this as Spanish weakness and took advantage

23. HAITI’S DISCONTENT Most valuable French possession in the 1700s
French planters ran sugar plantations powered by African slaves
Also 25,000 free mulattoes but not at same level as French creoles

24. A Slave Revolt
The French colony of Haiti was the first Latin American colony to revolt against European rule.
1791: What else was going on that year?
In Haiti, French planters owned large sugar plantations powered by 500,000 African slaves
Free Mulattoes also had few rights

25. Toussant L’Overture
Toussant L’Overture, a self-educated former slave, led the slave rebels
He was familiar with Enlightenment thinkers and wanted to lead his people to liberty
A very difficult & bloody struggle
French, Spanish and British involvement
1798: Haitian slaves freed and TLO’s forces in control

26. Haiti and France Even after revolt over, Haiti still a French colony
War for Independence: Napoleon tried to reestablish French dominance in Haiti in 1802
Toussant captured and imprisoned; died in Alps
French troops ravaged by sickness and agreed to a truce
Eventually gained freedom on 1804 and became a republic in 1820

27. Simon Bolivar
Wealthy Latin American Creole sent to Europe to complete his education
There he learned about the Enlightenment and the French Revolution
“Liberator”: Later led struggle to liberate northern South America from Spain

28. Struggle for Independence
: Series of military campaigns that won independence for Venezuela, New Granada (now Colombia), Ecuador, Peru & Bolivia
Joined forces with Jose de San Martin who had defeated Spanish in Argentina & Chile in 1810s

29. Difficulties Ahead
Bolivar had many military victories against the Spanish but failed to create a large, united Latin American state
Spain’s former empire thus became divided into a number of separate, independent states
Latin American nations have faced a long struggle to gain stability, achieve social equality and eliminate poverty