2. Advantages of Dynamic Routing over Static Routing : Advertise only the directly connected networks. Updates the topology changes dynamically. Administrative work is reduced. Used in medium & large networks. Dynamic Routing

3. Distance Vector Protocol Link State Protocol Hybrid Protocol (Advance Distance Vector Protocol) Types of Dynamic Routing Protocols

4. Uses Bellman-Ford algorithm. Classfull routing protocol. Full Routing tables are exchanged. Routing updates are sent at periodic intervals. Updates are sent through broadcast IP address. Also known as “Routing By Rumor” Example: RIP-v1, IGRP. Distance Vector Protocols

5. Uses Dijkstra’s algorithm. Classless routing protocol. First time full Database tables are exchanged, later only changed link state information is exchanged. Incremental / Flash updates. Updates are sent through multicast IP address. Also known as “ Routing by Intelligence” Example : OSPF, IS-IS. Link State Protocols

6. Uses DUAL (Diffusion Update Algorithm) Classless routing protocols Missing routes are exchanged Incremental updates Updates are sent through multicast IP address Also known as “ Routing by Intelligence” Example : EIGRP, RIP-v2 Hybrid Protocols

7. Open Standard Protocol Classfull routing protocol Updates are sent on broadcast IP address 255.255.255.255 Administrative distance is 120 Metric : Hop count Max Hop counts : 15 Max routers : 16 Load Balancing on 4 equal cost paths (Maximum 6 paths) Used for small networks Routing Information Protocol

8. Update timer : 30 sec –Time between consecutive updates Invalid timer : 180 sec –Time a router waits to hear updates –The route is marked unreachable if there is no update during this interval. Flush timer : 240 sec –Time before the invalid route is purged from the routing table Rip Timers

9. RIP - Network Diagram LAN - 192.168.1.0/24LAN – 192.168.2.0/24LAN - 192.168.3.0/24 E0 192.168.1.1/24 E0 192.168.2.1/24 10.0.0.1/8 S0 S1 10.0.0.2/8 11.0.0.1/8 S0 S1 11.0.0.2/8 HYDCHEBAN E0 192.168.3.1/24

10. More Bandwidth utilization for sending updates Doesn’t consider the bandwidth in metric calculation, uses only hop counts Slow convergence Formation of Routing loops Disadvantages of RIP

11. Routing loops Routing loops are formed due to the default behavior of RIP, where it exchanges the complete routing tables with its neighbors or due to slow network convergence.

12. Routing Loop Avoidance There are three in-built mechanisms which avoids routing loops in Distance-Vector Routing Protocols 1.Route Poisoning –It is a mechanism to inform about unreachable routes to neighbors. 2. Split Horizon –A Route learned through an interface is never advertised back on the same interface it learned. 3. Hold-down timer –Timer set to avoid inconsistent updates.  Flash update (Triggered update) : Route will use flash update to intimate topology changes to neighbor.

13. Comparison between RIPv1 & RIPv2 Classfull routing protocol Do not advertise subnet mask information in routing update It works with broadcasting (255.255.255.255) It does not support authentication Classless routing protocol Advertise subnet mask information in routing updates It works with multicasting(224.0.0.9) Supports authentication RIP-v1RIP-v2

15. exit Hyderabad(config-if)# Hyderabad(config)# telnet 192.168.1.1 ================================ Welcome to Hyderabad Router ================================ User Access Verification password : **** **** enable configure terminal interface serial 0 ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 no shut clockrate 64000 encapsulation hdlc Hyderabad> password : Hyderabad# Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Hyderabad(config)# Hyderabad(config-if)# Microsoft Windows 2000 [Version 5.00.2195] (C) Copyright 1985-2000 Microsoft Corp. C:\> Connecting..... Directly Connected Networks on HYDERABAD Router 192.168.1.0 10.0.0.0 Directly Connected Networks on HYDERABAD Router 192.168.1.0 10.0.0.0 Diagram

16. Hyderabad(config)# router rip Hyderabad(config-router)# network 192.168.1.0 network 10.0.0.0 no ip routing Hyderabad(config)# ip routing Configuring RIP Router(config)# router rip Router(config-router)# network Configuring RIP Router(config)# router rip Router(config-router)# network Diagram

17. show ip route Hyderabad# Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i- IS-IS, L1-IS-IS level-1, L2-IS-IS level-2,*- candidate default U - per-user static route, o - ODR Gateway of last resort is not set C 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0 R 11.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 10.0.0.2, 00:00:25, Serial0 C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0 R 192.168.2.0/24 [120/1] via 10.0.0.2, 00:00:25, Serial0 R 192.168.3.0/24 [120/2] via 10.0.0.2, 00:00:25, Serial0 Hyderabad# ^ Z Hyderabad(config)# router rip Hyderabad(config-router)# network 192.168.1.0 Hyderabad(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 no ip routingHyderabad(config)# ip routing R – for RIP routes 120 is nothing but Administrative Distance Metric of Rip Hop Count Metric of Rip Hop Count Diagram

18. show ip protocols Hyderabad# Routing Protocol is "rip" Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 13 seconds Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240 Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set Redistributing: rip Default version control: send version 1, receive any version Interface Send Recv Key-chain Ethernet0 1 1 2 Serial0 1 1 2 Routing for Networks: 192.168.1.0 10.0.0.0 Routing Information Sources: Gateway Distance Last Update 10.0.0.2 120 00:00:00 Distance: (default is 120) Hyderabad# Diagram

19. Chennai(config-if)# ================================ Welcome to Chennai Router ================================ User Access Verification password : **** **** enable configure terminal ip address 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0 no shut encapsulation hdlc interface serial 0 Chennai> password : Chennai# Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Chennai(config)# Chennai(config-if)# Microsoft Windows 2000 [Version 5.00.2195] (C) Copyright 1985-2000 Microsoft Corp. C:\> Connecting..... Chennai(config-if)# telnet 192.168.2.1 interface serial 1 ip address 11.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 no shut encapsulation hdlc Directly Connected Networks on CHENNAI Router 192.168.2.0 10.0.0.0 11.0.0.0 Directly Connected Networks on CHENNAI Router 192.168.2.0 10.0.0.0 11.0.0.0 Diagram

20. Chennai(config)# router rip Chennai(config-router)# network 192.168.2.0 network 10.0.0.0 no ip routing Chennai(config)# ip routing network 11.0.0.0 Chennai(config-router)# Configuring RIP Router(config)# router rip Router(config-router)# network Configuring RIP Router(config)# router rip Router(config-router)# network Diagram

21. show ip route Chennai# Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i- IS-IS, L1-IS-IS level-1, L2-IS-IS level-2,*- candidate default U - per-user static route, o - ODR Gateway of last resort is not set C 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial1 C 11.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0 R 192.168.1.0/24 [120/1] via 10.0.0.1, 00:00:01, Serial1 C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0 R 192.168.3.0/24 [120/1] via 11.0.0.2, 00:00:12, Serial0 Chennai# ^ Z Chennai(config)# router rip Chennai(config-router)# network 192.168.2.0 Chennai(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 no ip routingChennai(config)# ip routing network 11.0.0.0 Chennai(config-router)# R – for RIP routes 120 is nothing but Administrative Distance Metric of Rip Hop Count Metric of Rip Hop Count Diagram

22. show ip protocols Chennai# Routing Protocol is "rip" Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 5 seconds Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240 Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set Redistributing: rip Default version control: send version 1, receive any version Interface Send Recv Key-chain Ethernet0 1 1 2 Serial0 1 1 2 Serial1 1 1 2 Routing for Networks: 192.168.2.0 10.0.0.0 11.0.0.0 Routing Information Sources: Gateway Distance Last Update 11.0.0.2 120 00:00:23 10.0.0.1 120 00:00:03 Distance: (default is 120) Chennai# Diagram

23. exit Banglore(config-if)# Banglore(config)# ================================ Welcome to Banglore Router ================================ User Access Verification password : **** **** enable configure terminal ip address 11.0.0.2 255.0.0.0 no shut clockrate 64000 encapsulation hdlc Banglore> password : Banglore# Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Banglore(config)# Banglore(config-if)# Microsoft Windows 2000 [Version 5.00.2195] (C) Copyright 1985-2000 Microsoft Corp. C:\> Connecting..... telnet 192.168.3.1 interface serial 1 Directly Connected Networks on Banglore Router 192.168.3.0 11.0.0.0 Directly Connected Networks on Banglore Router 192.168.3.0 11.0.0.0 Diagram

24. Banglore(config)# router rip Banglore(config-router)# network 192.168.3.0 network 11.0.0.0 no ip routing Banglore(config)# ip routing Configuring RIP Router(config)# router rip Router(config-router)# network Configuring RIP Router(config)# router rip Router(config-router)# network Diagram

25. show ip route Banglore# Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i- IS-IS, L1-IS-IS level-1, L2-IS-IS level-2,*- candidate default U - per-user static route, o - ODR Gateway of last resort is not set R 10.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 11.0.0.1, 00:00:04, Serial1 C 11.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial1 R 192.168.1.0/24 [120/2] via 11.0.0.1, 00:00:04, Serial1 R 172.16.0.0/16 [120/1] via 11.0.0.1, 00:00:04, Serial1 C 192.168.3.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0 Banglore# ^ Z Banglore(config)# router rip Banglore(config-router)# network 192.168.3.0 Banglore(config-router)#network 11.0.0.0 no ip routingBanglore(config)# ip routing R – for RIP routes 120 is nothing but Administrative Distance Metric of Rip Hop Count Metric of Rip Hop Count Diagram

26. show ip protocols Banglore# Routing Protocol is "rip" Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 15 seconds Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240 Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set Redistributing: rip Default version control: send version 1, receive any version Interface Send Recv Key-chain Ethernet0 1 1 2 Serial1 1 1 2 Routing for Networks: 192.168.3.0 11.0.0.0 12.0.0.0 Routing Information Sources: Gateway Distance Last Update 11.0.0.1 120 00:00:06 Distance: (default is 120) Banglore# Diagram

27. ping 192.168.3.10 Hyderabad# Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.3.10, timeout is 2 seconds: Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 ms Hyderabad# !!!!! ping 192.168.2.10 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.2.10, timeout is 2 seconds: Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 ms Hyderabad# !!!!! Diagram

28. ping 192.168.1.10 Chennai# Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.10, timeout is 2 seconds: Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 ms Chennai# !!!!! ping 192.168.3.10 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.3.10, timeout is 2 seconds: Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 ms Chennai# !!!!! Diagram

29. ping 192.168.1.10 Banglore# Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.10, timeout is 2 seconds: Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 ms Banglore# !!!!! ping 192.168.2.10 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.2.10, timeout is 2 seconds: Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 ms Banglore# !!!!! Diagram