1. Domain Modelling and Implementation Standards context Simon Cox Research Scientist Sydney - December, 3 rd 2010

2. Overview ISO/TC 211 modeling framework Standard meta-models – feature, coverage, observation OGC Services: WMS, WFS, WCS, SOS CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010

3. Standards context ISO/TC 211 – Geographic Information Main stakeholders: national standards bodies OGC Main stakeholders: software vendors; government agencies INSPIRE Main stakeholders: European Commission, member states Base is (profiles of) ISO and OGC standards ‘Data specifications’ for various domain models

4. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 Feature model

5. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 ISO/TC 211 basics Reference model – ISO 19101 Rules for Application Schema (General feature model) – ISO 19109 Coverages – ISO 19123

6. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 ISO 19101 Reference model

7. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 Application schema

8. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 ISO 19109 General feature model

9. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 Meta-levels GF_FeatureType all feature types River a feature-type all rivers Paramatta a river

10. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 Conceptual object: “feature” Digital object corresponding with identifiable, typed, object in the real world mountain, road, specimen, event, tract, catchment, wetland, farm, bore, reach, property, license-area, station Feature-type is characterised by specific set of properties May have one or more spatial property Specimen ID (name) description mass processing details sampling location sampling time related observation material …

11. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 Mapped features

12. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 Fields & coverages

13. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 Objects vs Fields classic geology: “feature” classic earth-observations: “field” or “coverage”

14. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 Variation of a property in domain of interest Sampled discretely, often on a grid Domain extent is scoped by shape/lifetime of feature of interest Range-type is scoped by type of feature-of-interest Spatial function or field: “coverage” (x 1,y 1 ) (x 2,y 2 )

15. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 Different cross-sections through same dataset SpecimenAu (ppm) Cu-a (%)Cu-b (%)As (ppm)Sb (ppm) ABC-1231.233.454.230.50.34 A Row summarizes the properties of one feature A Column = variation of a single property across a domain (i.e. set of locations)

16. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 Feature may have coverage-valued property WeatherStation +location: GM_Point +owner: CI_ResponsibleParty CV_DiscreteTimeInstantCoverage temperature Scene +bounds: GM_Envelope +theme: string CV_DiscreteGridPointCoverage {n} colour

17. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 Conceptual object model: features Digital object corresponding with identifiable, typed, object in the real world mountain, road, specimen, event, tract, catchment, wetland, farm, bore, reach, property, license-area, station Feature-type is characterised by specific set of properties Specimen ID (name) description mass processing details sampling location sampling time related observation material …

18. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 Summary of meta-model Features Object-centric viewpoint Artefacts associated with observation campaigns: platform, instrument, site Detected/interpreted objects in the environment: river, ore-body, plume … Coverages Property-centric viewpoint Variation of a property within a domain Evidence used in interpretation Results of model (simulation or interpolation)

19. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 Spatio-temporal elements

20. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 ISO spatio-temporal utilities 19111 – Coordinate reference systems 19107 – Spatial schema (geometry) 19123 – Grid schema 19108 – Temporal schema

21. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 Overview of geometry types

22. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 Temporal primitives

23. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 Temporal reference systems

24. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 ISO 19111 Coordinate reference systems

25. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 More information https://www.seegrid.csiro.au/twiki/bin/view/AppSchemas in particular: GeospatialStandardsContext IsoTc211Standards OGCInformationModels FeatureModel InformationViews

26. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 Collecting data

27. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 Assignment of property values For each property of a feature the value is either i.asserted E.g. name, owner, price, boundary (cadastral feature types) ii.observed/estimated E.g. colour, mass, shape (natural feature types) i.e. error is of interest

28. OM_Observation +phenomenonTime +resultTime +validTime [0..1] +resultQuality [0..*] +parameter [0..*] GFI_PropertyTypeGFI_FeatureOM_ProcessAny +observedProperty 1 0..* +featureOfInterest 1 0..* +procedure 1 +result An Observation is an action whose result is an estimate of the value of some property of the feature-of-interest, obtained using a specified procedure Observations

29. Defines the following terms: Observation Procedure – sensor, instrument procedure Observed property – e.g. geophysical parameter Result – e.g. scaled number, vector, image, grid, classification Feature of interest – in-situ, remote, ex-situ (specimen) Phenomenon time – time the result applies to Result time – time the result was obtained Valid time – time period the result may be used A neutral terminology to support cross-domain data discovery & fusion

30. OM_Observation +phenomenonTime +resultTime +validTime [0..1] +resultQuality [0..*] +parameter [0..*] GFI_PropertyTypeGFI_FeatureOM_ProcessGFI_DomainFeatureAny +observedProperty 1 +propertyValueProvider 0..* +featureOfInterest 1 +generatedObservation 0..* +procedure 1 +result Range observed property Belongs to feature-of-interest-type procedure Standard procedures, per property-type feature of interest Feature-type taken from a domain-model (e.g. GeoSciML) result GML, SWE, or pointer to a standard structure (e.g. netCDF) Application to a domain

31. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010  Observations with coverage-valued results Feature with coverage-valued property WeatherStation +location: GM_Point +owner: CI_ResponsibleParty CV_DiscreteTimeInstantCoverage temperature Scene +bounds: GM_Envelope +theme: string CV_DiscreteGridPointCoverage {n} colour

32. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 Proximate vs ultimate feature-of-interest The ultimate (“project”) thing of interest may not be directly or fully accessible 1.Proximate feature of interest embodies a sample design Rock-specimen samples an ore-body or geologic unit Well samples an aquifer Profile samples an ocean/atmosphere column Cross-section samples a rock-unit 2.Sensed property is a proxy e.g. want land-cover, but observe colour Post-processing required FoI may change during processing – e.g. “scene”  “tract” Some standard designs are common

33. SF_Specimen Sampling features Domain feature type OM_Observation SF_SamplingFeature +parameter [0..*] +lineage [0..1] GFI_Feature 0..* SF_SpatialSamplingFeature +positionalAccuracy [0..2] +relatedObservation 0..* SF_SamplingSolidSF_SamplingPointSF_SamplingCurveSF_SamplingSurface Intention +sampledFeature SamplingFeatureComplex +role 0..* +relatedSamplingFeature 0..* +relatedObservation 0..*

34. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 Viewpoints

35. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 Oceanographic data processing Stage Overall : to analyse and predict geophysical properties of ‘the ocean’ in-situ observations made of various oceanic parameters satellite observations made of sea surface Observations integrated in numerical model  gridded analyses and forecasts individual dynamic features detected (fronts, upwelling zones, etc.) Viewpoint feature coverage + sampling features coverage coverage + sampling features feature

36. Stage identify a prospective region on the basis of general geological information obtain geophysical imagery for the region of interest interpret the geophysics in terms of geological features of interest construct drill holes for detailed sampling Map variation of properties along borehole collect specimens along borehole measure ore-concentration in specimens characterize the internal structure of the ore body (concentration of commodity) Interpret geological features implied by property variation along borehole Viewpoint Feature Coverage Feature Sampling features Coverage Sampling features Observations Coverage feature CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 Mineral exploration scenario

37. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 Three viewpoints: Feature, Coverage, Observation SpecimenAu (ppm) Cu-a (%)Cu-b (%)As (ppm)Sb (ppm) ABC-1231.233.454.230.50.34 A Row gives properties of one feature A Column = variation of a single property across a set of locations A Cell reflects the result of a single observation

38. CSIRO Cox + Woolf, NDG Data and Information Modelling 2009 OGC Service stack Different information-types accessed using different interfaces Maps – WMS Features – WFS Coverages – WCS Observations – SOS Each interface is composed of a “set of operations”

39. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 Serialization

40. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 Data transfer Data instances must be serialized for transfer

41. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 UML → XML/GML gcDD0214 48.3... -31.939 115.832 34.5......

42. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 More information https://www.seegrid.csiro.au/twiki/bin/view/AppSchemas in particular: OGCInformationModels FeatureModel ObservationsAndSampling InformationViews

43. Contact Us Phone: 1300 363 400 or +61 3 9545 2176 Email: enquiries@csiro.au Web: www.csiro.au Thank you Earth Science & Resource Engineering Simon Cox Research Scientist Phone: 08 6436 8639 Email: simon.cox@csiro.au Web: www.csiro.au CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010

44. Formalization

45. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 ISO 19103 Conceptual Schema Language (UML Profile) UML patterns Avoid multiple inheritance Put role-names on association-ends Meaningful nouns – not ‘uses’ or ‘has’ Guidelines for terms and labels Lexical forms, nouns not verbs, singular not plural, short but not code Packaging Utility classes Primitive types – CharacterString, Boolean, Integer … Names Measure Are float/decimal/double ever correct? Record & record-type

46. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 19123 Coverage geometry and functions Coverage = map from domain  range

47. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 Alt. view – collection of geometry-value pairs

48. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 ISO 19107 Spatial schema

49. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 GM_Point vs. GM_Position

50. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 ISO 19123 Grid types

51. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 ISO 19108 Temporal schema

52. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 ISO Documents

53. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 How to read ISO 19100 documents IS vs TS Standard vs technical specification e.g. ISO 19115 Metadata model vs. ISO TS 19139 Metadata XML Implementation ‘Normative’ vs. ‘Informative’ content Chapter = “Clause” Clause is normative unless explicitly labelled “informative” Normative statements use SHALL, SHOULD, MAY, NOT Externally imposed requirements use MUST NOTE: Informative consequences or corollary of a normative statement EXAMPLE: Non-normative illustration

54. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 What should you read? Substance appears in different places in difference documents ISO 19107 spatial schema model is in the main clause ISO 19115 metadata model in Annex A; data dictionary in Annex B Standard document structure Clause 1 – Scope statement Clause 2 – Conformance classes Clause 3 – Normative references Clause 4 – Terms and definitions Clause 5 – Symbols, notation, formalization Clause 6–N – text Annex A usually contains test-suite

55. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 Metadata

56. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 ISO 19115 Metadata ISO/TC 211 ‘poster child’

57. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 MD_Metadata class

58. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 MD_Identification

59. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 SV_ServiceIdentification (ISO 19119)

60. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 LI_Lineage

61. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 DQ_DataQuality, DQ_Element

62. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 EX_Extent

63. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 Citations, contacts

64. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 Can use the pieces without MD_Metadata

65. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 Scientific data and metadata OGC Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) initiative producer-oriented viewpoint - SensorML Focuses on data production processes processing chain, expressed in an ‘executable’ form Optimised for satellite applications consumer-oriented viewpoint – O&M (Observations and Measurements) Focuses on the ‘subject’ of the observation Feature of interest Observed property Observation procedure is ‘metadata’ for the result production event

66. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 Specialization of Observations 1.Domain specific feature-type catalogue for the Feature of Interest 2.Controlled vocabulary of observed property-types 3.Set of instruments, procedures, protocols 4.Specialized observation types

67. Applications define (and provide URIs) for: Feature-types Observed properties Procedures Result formats Specialized types support intra-domain processing and analysis

68. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 Examples of observed property assignment The 7th banana weighed 270gm on the kitchen scales this morning The attitude of the foliation at outcrop 321 of the Leederville Formation was 63/085, measured using a Brunton on 2006-08-08 Specimen H69 was identified on 1999-01-14 by Amy Bachrach as Eucalyptus Caesia The image of Camp Iota was obtained by Aster in 2003 Sample WMC997t collected at Empire Dam on 1996-03-30 was found to have 5.6 g/T Au as measured by ICPMS at ABC Labs on 1996-05-31 The X-Z Geobarometer determined that the ore-body was at depth 3.5 km at 1.75 Ga The GCM simulation run today using CMIP3 indicated that the pressure field in the atmosphere tomorrow will be as given in pf999_20081020_1

69. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 In “pictures”

70. protocol OM_Observation +phenomenonTime +resultTime +validTime [0..1] +resultQuality [0..*] +parameter [0..*] GFI_PropertyTypeGFI_FeatureOM_ProcessSF_SamplingFeatureGFI_DomainFeatureAny +observedProperty 1 +propertyValueProvider 0..* +featureOfInterest 1 +generatedObservation 0..* +procedure 1 Intention +sampledFeature 1..* +result Range Sampling & Observations

71. Compare with other models result ~ ‘observation’ Result ~ value Observed-property ~ parameter, measurand, observable Specimen ~ sample

72. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 CSML SamplingFeature +samplingTime [0..1] +parameter [0..*] SamplingPoint Specimen +materialClass +samplingMethod [0..1] +samplingLocation [0..1] +size [0..1] +currentLocation [0..1] SpatiallyExtensiveSamplingFeature SamplingCurve +length [0..1] SamplingSurface +area [0..1] SamplingSolid +volume [0..1] Point Section RaggedSection Swath Traverse Profile Trajectory

73. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 Discretization of sampling domain Shape of extensive sampling feature does not describe the discretization Different sampling regimes for different properties, within same manifold E.g. sampling down a borehole, along a shipstrack or flightline Add diagram here

74. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 Value-adding chain Observation/result estimate of value of a property for a single specimen/station/location data-capture, with metadata concerning procedure, operator, etc Coverage compilation of values of a single property across the domain of interest data prepared for analysis/pattern detection Feature object having geometry & values of several different properties 1. classified object, snapshot for transport geological map elements 2. object created by human activity, artefact of investigation borehole, mine, specimen

75. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 SensorML – Process taxonomy

76. CSIRO. Masterclass: Domain Modelling and Implementation - Sydney 03/12/2010 Classification of processes