1. Bacteria

2. I.General Characteristics A.Single-celled; no nucleus or complex organelles What do we call this type of organism? B.Earliest known life forms C.Live almost everywhere on the planet (air, water, soil, on animals, etc.) D.Smallest and simplest living organisms

3. Needle Tip

4. II. Bacterial Structure A. Some bacteria (like the one that causes pneumonia) have a sticky coating around the cell wall called a capsule or slime layer 1. Protects the bacterium and helps it stick to surfaces

5. B. Many bacteria have a whip-like tail called a flagellum that helps it move and/or pili that allow it to attach to things flagellum pili

6. C. Bacterial cells contains cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane and a cell wall; but no membrane-bound organelles-just ribosomes

7. D. Most of the genetic material is found in the nucleoid region (loosely coiled DNA) 1. Some bacteria also have a small, independent circular piece of DNA called a plasmid 1. Cell membrane 4. Cytoplasm 3. Nucleoid region 6. Cell wall 2. Ribosome 5. Pili (short flagella) DRAW

8. III. Classification A. Bacteria are placed into two kingdoms:  Kingdom Archaebacteria  Oldest "ancient" bacteria  Found in harsh environments  Kingdom Eubacteria a. Largest and most varied bacteria group b. "True" bacteria (germs)

9. B.Grouped according to their shape and arrangement: 1. Coccus (i) = Spherical shaped cells a. single coccus b. diplococci (pairs) c. Streptococci (chains) d. Staphylococci (clusters)

10. Streptococci fecal necrotizing fascitis

11. Staphylococci

12. 2. Bacillus (i) = Rod shaped cells a. Single bacilli b. Diplobacilli c. Streptobacilli

13.  Spirillium = Spiral shaped

14. 3 Basic Shapes

15. C. Grouped according to how they obtain food and use energy 1. Autotrophic (______________________________) a) Photosynthesis (Ex: Cyanobacteria "blue-green" bacteria)

16. b) Chemosynthesis (Ex: extremophiles)

18. 2. Heterotrophic (___________________________) a) Saprophytes (decomposers) i. Live on and eat dead things using extracellular digestion ii. Secrete enzymes that digest their food iii. They absorb the food back into their cells by diffusion iv. This is why food gets mushy when it rots Rotting Watermelon Movie b) Symbiotes - two organisms living closely together i. Parasitism ii. Commensalism iii. Mutualism

19. IV. Circulation, Excretion and Respiration A. What do these words mean? B. By diffusion C. Obligate aerobes 1. Must have oxygen to live e.g. Mycobacterium tuberculosis

20. D. Obligate anaerobes 1. Can’t live in the presence of oxygen e.g. Clostridium botulinum  spores can be found in honey

21. E. Facultative anaerobes 1. Can grow with or without O 2 but do better without O 2 e.g. Escherichia coli

22.  Warmth; 25-37 °C  Dark  Moisture  Food Where do we normally find these conditions? V. Optimal Growth Requirements

23. VI. Reproduction A. Asexual 1. Binary fission - splitting into two equal cells B. Sexual reproduction 1. Conjugation - exchange of plasmids a) After plasmid is exchanged one bacterium usually dies.

24. VII. Beneficial effects of bacteria A. Decompose organic material B. Used to make antibiotics How? C. Necessary for human survival 1. Make vitamin K in intestines and farting (methane gas)! D. Nitrogen fixation in N cycle (make N usable by plants) E. Bioremediation 1. Break down wastes and pollutants (oil, wastewater, toxic spills) F. Food production 1. Ex: yogurt, cheeses, vinegar, buttermilk, sauerkraut, pickles, olives, etc.

25. VIII. Harmful Effects of Bacteria A. Pathogenic (cause diseases) 1. By directly damaging cells as they are digested for food. 2. Indirectly damaging cells by releasing toxins which damage host. 3. Some bacteria produce thick-walled structures called endospores when conditions are unfavorable. a) Remain dormant for years, then resume growth of normal bacteria that produces toxins (botulism spores in honey) 4. Ex: Strep throat, botulism, tuberculosis, gonorrhea, typhoid fever, bubonic plague, diphtheria, cholera, tetanus etc.

26. B. Other problems caused by bacteria 1. Food spoilage (many species) 2. Food poisoning Salmonella sp. 3. Disorders like boils, pimples, pneumonia, and some forms of arthritis

27. IX. Treatment of bacterial diseases A. Pasteurization (heating to temperatures that kill bacteria) and sterilization (UV light & alcohol) 1. Help prevent the spread of disease B. Vaccines C. Antibiotics (made from fungi or other bacteria) D. Problems with Antibiotics 1. Antibiotic resistance. 2. Kills off good bacteria as well as bad. 3. Inhibits body's natural immunity.