1. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Got Lactase? Many people in the world suffer from lactose intolerance –Lacking an enzyme (lactase) that digests lactose, a sugar found in milk –“ase” = enzyme –“ose” = sugar CARBON COMPOUNDS ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

2. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lactose intolerance illustrates the importance of biological molecules –To the functioning of living cells and to human health –The atoms carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O) nitrogen (N), and phosphorous (P) make up molecules that support life

3. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lipids Fats/Oils/Steroids/Wax 4 Categories of Organic Molecules Molecules of Life Biochemicals (CHONP) Proteins Enzymes/Structure/ Movement/Protection Nucleic Acids (DNA/RNA) Carbohydrates Glucose/Fructose Starch/Cellulose

4. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings All compounds are either organic, containing carbon bonded to hydrogen and oxygen or inorganic. The chemistry of carbon is the chemistry of life. Structural formula Methane H H H H H H H H Ball-and-stick model Space-filling model C C The 4 single bonds of carbon point to the corners of a tetrahedron. HYDROCARBONS

5. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings I.Carbon bonding: Has 4 electrons in outer energy level Atoms are most stable with 8 electrons in outer shell Carbon forms bonds with other atoms, including carbon 6P 6N

6. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings I. Carbon bonding: Single Bond Represents 2 electrons Double Bond Represents 4 electrons Triple Bond Represents 6 electrons

7. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings II. Hydrocarbons: naming conventions Roots/Prefixes (2C stands for two carbons) 1 C - ____meth__ 6 C - ____hex____ 2 C - ____eth____7 C - ____hept___ 3 C - ____prop___ 8 C - ____oct____ 4 C - ____but____ 9 C - ____non____ 5 C - ____pent____10 C - ___dec____ Butane

8. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hydrocarbon Naming Conventions, Formulas and Examples Series of Hydrocarbon -endingFormula to determine # of H atoms * Bonding Alkane ANE C n H 2n+2 Single Bonds Only Alkene ENE C n H 2n One Double Bond C Alkyne YNE C n H 2n-2 One Triple Bond C * Where “n” is the number of carbon atoms Examples: 1. CH4 - __________________6. Ethene - __________________ 2. C3H4 - __________________7. Heptane - _________________ 3. C5H10 - _________________8. Decyne - __________________ 4. C9H20 - _________________9. Butane - __________________ 5. C6H10 - _________________10. Octene - _________________

9. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings A functional group is a cluster of atoms that influence the properties of the molecules that they compose, and determine the characteristics of the compound Functional Group What it Looks Like… What it Makes…Example(s) Hydroxyl R OHAlcohols – polar, attracts water Carbonyl (end) Aldehydes - structural isomers Carbonyl (middle) Ketone - structural isomers Carboxyl Carboxylic Acids – organic acids III. Functional Groups

10. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings A functional group is a cluster of atoms that influence the properties of the molecules that they compose, and determine the characteristics of the compound Functional Group What it Looks Like… What it Makes…Example(s) Amino Amines - act as bases Phosphate Organic Phosphates Transfer Energy III. Functional Groups

11. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Functional groups are particular groupings of atoms –That give organic molecules particular properties Female lion Estradiol (estrogen) HO OH O Testosterone Male lion Hydroxyl Carbonyl (middle) Carboxyl Lactic Acid { Amino Urea Wohler 1828

12. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hydrocarbons –Are composed of only hydrogen and carbon Some carbon compounds are isomers –Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures IV. Large Carbon Molecules Butene

13. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cells make a huge number of large molecules from a small set of small molecules The four main classes of biological molecules –Are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids Many of the molecules are gigantic –And are called macromolecules

14. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cells make most of their large molecules –By joining smaller organic molecules into chains called polymers Cells link monomers to form polymers –By dehydration synthesisdehydration synthesis H OHH H OHOH Unlinked monomer Dehydratio n reaction Longer polymer Short polymer OH H H Unlinked monomer Dehydration reaction Short polymer H2OH2O

15. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Polymers are broken down to monomers –By the reverse process, hydrolysis Animation: Hydrolysis of sucroseHydrolysis of sucrose H H2OH2O OH H H Hydrolysis