2. Chemistry of Life Unit Chapter 2-3 INTRODUCTIONTOMACROMOLECULES

3. MACROMOLECULES 1) “Macro” =???? 2) Macromolecules are “giant molecules” 3) Formed through polymerization a.The prefix “poly” refers to many b.Large compounds are formed by joining together smaller compounds c.Smaller units are called monomers d.Monomers join together to form larger polymers

4. Small monomers may be identical or different Monomers are linked together like beads on a necklace to form the polymer

5. MACROMOLECULES cont…. 4)Also known as Organic Molecules a.Contain the element carbon  Can bond with many elements Including: Hydrogen, oxygen, Including: Hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur and nitrogen  Can bond with 4 elements at once  Can form chains, rings, and complex structures b.Found in living organisms c.Sometimes called “biomolecules”

6. MACROMOLECULES 4 Types of Macromolecules 4 Types of Macromolecules 1. Lipids 2. Carbohydrates 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids

7. Lipids Examples: Fats, oils, waxes & steroids Examples: Fats, oils, waxes & steroids Function: Waterproof coverings of cells, can be used for long-term energy storage. Function: Waterproof coverings of cells, can be used for long-term energy storage. Elements: Mostly carbon and hydrogen with some oxygen. Elements: Mostly carbon and hydrogen with some oxygen. Monomer: 3 fatty-acids and 1 glycerol Monomer: 3 fatty-acids and 1 glycerol Polymer: Lipids Polymer: Lipids –Unsaturated Fats: Liquid at room temperature due to double bonds (bent structure) –Saturated Fats: Solid at room temperature and no double bonds (full of hydrogen)

8. Lipids Carbon Oxygen Hydrogen Long Chain Structure Smaller monomers linked to form a larger polymer

9. Carbohydrates Examples: Sugars & Starches Examples: Sugars & Starches Function: Main source of energy in living things. Also structural purposes in plants. Function: Main source of energy in living things. Also structural purposes in plants. Elements: Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio (ex. C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Elements: Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio (ex. C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Monomer: Monosaccharides Monomer: Monosaccharides –Simple sugars like glucose, fructose, and galactose Polymer: Polysaccharides (starches) Polymer: Polysaccharides (starches) –Cellulose: Plant starch –Glycogen: Animal Starch

10. Carbohydrates Carbon Oxygen Hydrogen Ring Structure Smaller monomers linked to form a larger polymer

11. Proteins Examples: Hair, nails and enzymes Examples: Hair, nails and enzymes Function: Form muscles & bones, transport substances and control the rate of reactions in the body. Function: Form muscles & bones, transport substances and control the rate of reactions in the body. Elements: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen Elements: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen Monomer: Amino Acids Monomer: Amino Acids Polymer: Protein Polymer: Protein Structure: Long chains of amino acids Structure: Long chains of amino acids –4 Levels of Structure

12. Proteins Carbon Oxygen Hydrogen Nitrogen Long Chain Structure Folded Structure Complex Folded Structures Smaller monomers linked to form a larger polymer

13. Nucleic Acids Examples: DNA & RNA Examples: DNA & RNA Function: Store and transmit genetic information Function: Store and transmit genetic information Elements: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus Elements: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus Monomer: Nucleotide (sugar, phosphate & nitrogen base) Monomer: Nucleotide (sugar, phosphate & nitrogen base) Polymer: Nucleic Acid Polymer: Nucleic Acid Structure: Long chains of nucleotides found in a twisted or folded structure Structure: Long chains of nucleotides found in a twisted or folded structure

14. Nucleic Acids Carbon Oxygen Hydrogen Nitrogen Ring Structure Folded Structure Smaller monomers linked to form a larger polymer

15. VOCABULARY RECAP  Macromolecules  Monomer  Polymer  Organic  Lipid  Fatty Acid  Glycerol  Unsaturated Fat  Saturated Fat  Carbohydrate  Monosaccharide  Polysaccharide  Cellulose  Glycogen  Protein  Amino Acid  Nucleic Acid  Nucleotide