1. Biological Molecules Revised 8/30/2006

2. Compounds of Life  Four Groups Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Lipids Lipids Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids Proteins Proteins

3. Compounds of Life  Sugars  Fatty Acids  Nucleotides  Amino Acids CarbohydratesLipids/membranes Nucleic Acids Proteins

4. Carbohydrates  Sugars store energy in chemical bonds  Organisms break bonds to release energy  Contain C,H and O.  Ratio 1:2:1.

5. Monosaccharides  Glucose – Plants  Galactose - Milk  Fructose - Fruits

8. Galactose

9. Glucose Ring

10. Galactose

11. Ribose  Sugar of RNA D because the CH 2 OH Group is outside the ring

12. Deoxyribose  Sugar of DNA

13. Carbon to carbon single bond Monomers have a double bond The bond breaks and chain is formed

14. Polymer Examples   Polyethylene  plastic bottles, bags and toys   Polypropylene  indoor-outdoor carpeting, molded parts (not heart valves)   Polyvinyl chloride  vinyl fences, PVC pipes etc.   Teflon  cooking utensil coating, artificial joints and electrical insulation   Polystyrene  toys, Styrofoam and simulated wood furniture   HOW bout’ that????

18. Sucrose

19. Lactose

20. Maltose Two D-glucose units

27. Lipids  Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids

29. Saturated Fats  Single Bonds on Fatty Acid chain palmitic acid

30.   No double bonds present   Carbon chain up to 24 in length   Dietary effect is increase in blood cholesterol level

31. Monosaturated Fats  One Double Bond on Fatty Acid Chain Oleic Acid

32.   Contain up to 24 carbon atoms   One double is present in the carbon chain   Dietary effect is little change in blood cholesterol level

33. Polyunsaturated Fats  Many Double Bonds on Fatty Acid Chain Linoleic Acid

34.   Carbon chain length up to 24   2 or more double bonds present   Dietary effect is decrease in blood cholesterol level

35. Hydrophobic HydrophilicPhospholipids   polar (water loving)   two non-polar (water fearing)

36. Phospholipid Bilayer Aligned tail to tail. Hydrophobic region within membrane. Hydrophilic heads on the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane.

37. DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Genetic Code

38. 3-D Structure

39. Nucleotide  Deoxyribose (sugar)  Phosphoric Acid  Nitrogen bases Adenine Adenine Thymine Thymine Guanine Guanine Cytosine Cytosine

40. 07_03_RNA _v_DNA.jpg

41. Size and Shape Comparison of Proteins

42. 20 Amino Acids

43. Amino Acids

44. Hydrophobic Hydrophilic

45. Negative Charge

46. Positive Charge

47. Uncharged Polar

48. Nonpolar

49. Peptide Bonds  Proteins are formed by peptide bonds Remove water Remove water Called dehydration Called dehydration

50. Peptide Bonds