1. Stuff you need to know…

2. TERMS TO KNOW!!  EVOLUTION: the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms. (“CHANGE OVER TIME”)  FITNESS: refers to traits and behaviors of organisms that enable them to survive and reproduce

3.  ADAPTATION: any inherited characteristic that enhances an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce ~based on variations randomly inherited

4. Charles Darwin’s Explanation on Evolution (six major ideas of Darwin) Overproduction occurs in nature Variation occurs in all populations Not all organisms can survive Variations are inherited Populations as a whole become FIT = evolved! Organisms with favorable variations survive and reproduce

5. Insecticide applied

6. Genetic Drift Changes in the gene pool of a small population due to chance Examples: -Bottleneck Effect: results from drastic decrease in population size -Founder Effect: few individuals in a population colonize a new habitat

7. Bottleneck Effect

8. Speciation The origin of new species (the appearance of new species is the source of biological diversity) Reproductive Isolation: barriers that prevent members of two species from producing viable, fertile hybrids

9. Geographic Isolation: Gene flow between gene pools is interrupted when a population is divided into two geographically isolated subpopulations –Ex: the water level in a lake decreases –Ex: a river splits a population into two

10. Ecology

11. 1) Life is ORGANIZED on many structural levels: Atoms Biological Molecules Subcellular organelles Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Complex Organism

12. Levels beyond the individual organism: Population Community Ecosystem Biomes Biosphere

13. Biodiversity Definition: the number and variety of organisms found within a specified geographic region –affected by alterations of habitats.

14. fluctuations in population size in an ecosystem are determined by the relative rates of birth, immigration, emigration, and death. –Change in pop size = [B + I] – [D + E]

15. Review Autotrophs—capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use that energy to produce food –AKA producers Photosynthesis –Plants Chemosynthesis –Bacteria

16. Heterotrophs (Consumers) –Herbivores –Carnivores –Omnivores –Detritivores Feed on plant and animal remains (have a mouth; ingest food) –Mites, earthworms, snails –Decomposers Break down organic matter –Bacteria and fungi

17. Flow of Energy Energy flows through an ecosystem (a section of the biosphere) from the sun, to producers, to consumers IN ONE DIRECTION!!!

18. Food Chains Food Chain—transfer of energy by eating and being eaten

19. Food Webs Food Web— describes complex relationships of organisms in an ecosystem –A food web links together all the food chains in an ecosystem

20. each step of an organism eating another organism is called a trophic level (trophe means food in Greek) Shows the relative amounts of energy contained within each trophic level in a food chain or food web Only part of the energy that is stored in one trophic level is passed on…(10%) Tertiary Consumers Producers Energy Pyramid Primary Consumers

21. Approximately 10% of the energy at one trophic level can be used by animals at the next trophic level –ex: 90% of produced/consumed energy is used in that organisms cellular respiration –Only 10% incorporated into tissues

22. More energy efficient to eat producers Although energy moves in a one- way direction through an ecosystem, nutrients are recycled

23. Succession series of changes in an ecological community that occur over time after a disturbance

24. Fossils- Any preserved evidence of life from a past geological age (ex: impressions & remains of organisms embedded in stratified rocks; mineralized remains of an animal or plantorganisms rocksanimalplant Fossils include shells, imprints, burrows, and organically-produced chemicals. The oldest fossils are of bacteria (prokarytotes) & they are 3.8 billion years old.shells burrows bacteria

25. Bacteria vs.Virus BACTERIAVIRUS *Alive (1 celled organism)  take ANTIBIOTICS to slow growth *Not alive, therefore no antibiotics *Viruses “hijack” cells & use the cells’ machinery in order to reproduce (use cells’ ribosomes. ATP, amino acids, etc.) * 2 types: 1. hijacker (cold) 2. hijacker & infiltrator (HIV) *VACCINES prepare your immune in case you are exposed to that virus later (difficult due to high # of mutations)