1. Organic Chemistry
Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds.
Biochemistry is the study of carbon compounds that crawl. 

2. Organic Compounds - have carbon bonded to other atoms and determine structure/function of living things
Inorganic Compounds - do not contain carbon and hydrogen together (salt)

3. Organic compound features…
1. made from a carbon skeleton which can vary in length
2. can be branched or unbranched
3. can have double bonds which vary in location
4. or may be arranged in rings.

4. Some organic molecules
Methanol
(methyl alcohol)
Wood spirits, wood alcohol
Toxic - causes blindness, death, paralysis
Ethanol
(ethyl alcohol)
Spirits, drinking alcohol
Produced by fermentation of sugars
Isopropyl alcohol
Rubbing alcohol; is oxidized by the liver into acetone.

5. Attached to the carbon skeleton is a FUNCTIONAL GROUP - which is the area that participates in chemical reactions

6. alcohols
acids
bases

8. Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid
Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid. Its chemical formula is HCO2H.
It is an important intermediate in chemical synthesis and occurs naturally, most notably in ant venom. Its name comes from the Latin word for ant, formica, referring to its early isolation by the distillation of ant bodies.
A major use of formic acid is as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed.

10. What do you need to know?
1. Distinguish between organic and inorganic molecules.
2. Know the 4 main groups of organic compounds.
3. Identify organic compounds based on their functional group.

11. 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids
MACROMOLECULES important to life
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids
What about the carbon molecule makes it an ideal molecule for life forms?

12. 1. CARBOHYDRATES
-monosaccharides - simple ring sugars, glucose and fructose
-disaccharides - two monosaccharides combined, sucrose and lactose
-polysaccharides - polymers (long chains of repeating units) of monosaccharides

13. Polysaccharides store energy:
starch (plants)  
glycogen (animals)

14. Polysaccharides are also structural molecules
cellulose - makes up cell walls (plants)
chitin - makes up exoskeletons
             

15. Pentoses - 5 carbon sugars, arranged in a ring
DNA!

16. 4. Identify biological molecules that contain pentoses
What you need to know about carbohydrates
1. Distinguish between monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. (Give examples of each)
2. Understand how carbohydrates are used in plants and animals as energy storage molecules.
3. Understand how carbohydrates are used in plants and animals as structural molecules.
4. Identify biological molecules that contain pentoses
5. Discuss why carbon readily forms bonds to make long chains.

17. Fats & Oils are made of subunits – glycerol and fatty acids
2. Lipids 
Hydrophobic (insoluble in water) Used for insulation and long term energy storage (fat)* 
Fats & Oils are made of subunits – glycerol and fatty acids 
Waxes – mainly used for covering and protection
Watch what happens when a soap hits the hydrophobic milk.

18. Phospholipids - 
Important structural component of the cell membrane 

19. Steroids - cholesterol & sex hormones (estrogen & testosterone) – made of 4 fused rings

20. Cholesterol- a lipid molecule and is biosynthesized by all animal cells because it is an essential structural component of animal cell membranes- maintains both membrane structural integrity and fluidity.
Cholesterol enables animal cells to (a) not need a cell wall and thus be able to (b) change shape and (c) move about (unlike bacteria and plant cells which are restricted by their cell walls).

21. Saturated fats contain no double bonds, solid at room temperature;
Unsaturated have double bonds that “kink” the molecule,  liquid at room temperature

23. What you need to know about lipids
1. Compare saturated to unsaturated fats.
2. List the functions of lipids
3. Identify a steroid from a picture (4 rings)
4. Idenfity the main component of the cell membrane.

24. 3.  Proteins
Polymers made of amino acids, which are joined by peptide bonds  - proteins are also called polypeptides
Amino acids form a wide variety of structures, mainly building blocks for living tissue
Also used for:
Support |  Enzymes | Transport | Defense | Hormones | Motion

25. Proteins can be denatured, heat causes it to lose its shape, and its functionality
There are 20 known amino acids

26. Proteins have four shapes
Primary | Secondary | Tertiary | Quaternary

27. Nucleic Acids Informational polymers made of individual nucleotides
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) & RNA (ribonucleic acid)   
Each nucleotide consists of:
1.  A sugar (deoxyribose or ribose) 2.  A phosphate 3.  A nitrogen base             - adenine             - thymine             - guanine             - cytosine             - uracil (in RNA)

29. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) - high energy molecule, bonds broken to release energy

30. MATCHING
a.  carbohydrate     b.  lipids c.  protein               d.  nucleic acids
1.  contains adenine and thymine 2.  lactose 3.  chains of amino acids 4.  long term energy storage 5.  cholesterol 6.  chains of fatty acids and glycerol 7.  plant cell walls