1. Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids
Biological Molecules
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids

2. Organic Molecules Always contain Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H)
Carbon is missing four electrons
Capable of forming 4 covalent bonds
Carbon can bind with hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and itself!
Forms long chains, branched, rings, etc

3. Organic Molecules
Glucose, triglyceride/fat. Steroid (cholesterol), dissacharide (lactose?) *

4. Organic Molecules
Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids etc are macromolecules
Many molecules joined together
Monomer
Simple molecules
Polymer
Large molecules formed by combining monomers
Terminology *

5. Organic Molecules
Shows the monomers that make up each polymer *

6. Polymer Formation Making big molecules from small molecules
Requires water!
Dehydration Synthesis
Water is produced as monomers are combined together
Know the process *

7. Polymer Breakdown Breaking big molecules into small molecules
Requires water!
Hydrolysis
Water breaks up the bonds in another molecule
Requires enzymes (helping molecules)
Know the process *

8. Showing both – figure from textbook*

9. Sugars (glucose, sucrose, starch)
Carbohydrates
Sugars (glucose, sucrose, starch)

10. All carbs have the formula Cn(H2O)n
Functions
Short term energy supply
Glucose produces ATP energy
Short term energy storage
Gycogen is stored in the liver and muscles
Structure
Plant cell walls, insect exoskeletons
Cell Membrane markers
Cell “identity tags”
All carbs have the formula Cn(H2O)n
Know the functions and the formula – hydrated carbon *

11. Monosaccharides Monosaccharides have 3-7 carbon atoms
Ex) Glucose, ribose, galactose, fructose
Only one unit molecule
Pentose = 5 carbons
Hexose = 6 carbons
“ose” = carbohydrate
Know the structure of glucose enough to recognize it – ring with oxygen in it 6 carbons *

12. Disaccharides Two molecules together Formed from dehydration synthesis
Ex) Maltose, lactose
Formed from dehydration synthesis
Understand how dissacarides are formed in dehydration synthesis, small molecules so they can dissolve in water *

13. Polysaccharides Many molecules together Examples: Starch Glycogen
Repeating glucose subunits
Examples:
Starch
Glucose storage in plants
Straight chains with little branching
Glycogen
Glucose storage in animals
Many side chains
Know the differences between Starch Glycogen and Cellulose *

14. Notice the positions of the oxygens, large molecules can’t dissolve in water*

15. Polysaccharides Cellulose In plant cell walls
No branching – alternating oxygen positions for more structure
Cannot be digested - fiber
Celery, keeps digestive system working, notice the oxygen pattern *

16. What to know about carbs
What is a carbohydrate (recognize formula and pictures)
Functions
Difference between cellulose, glycogen, and starch
How to form disaccharides and polysaccharides

17. Lipids
Fats, Oils, and Waxes

18. All lipids do not dissolve in water = hydrophobic
Functions
Long term energy storage
Pack energy into a small space
Insulation and Padding
Protects organs
Structure
Cell membranes
Chemical Messengers
Steroids
All lipids do not dissolve in water = hydrophobic
Not all fats are bad. Fats pack flat so they can fit more into a small space 9:1 ratio *

19. Types Fatty Acids Chain of carbons ending in COOH
Saturated Fatty Acids
Solid at room temperature
Bad for health
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Contain double bonds
Liquid at room temperature

20. Types Triclycerides Neutral Fats Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids
Can be saturated or unsaturated
Not polar = no dissolving in water *

21. Types Phospholipids Found in cell membrane Same structure as
triglyceride but one fatty acid is
replaced with a phosphate
group (polar)
Hydrophilic phosphate head,
hydrophobic fatty acid tail
Can dissolve in water – water surrounds hydrophilic part and hydrophobic part bunches together. Emulsification and soap example *

22. Types Steroids Ringed structures made from cholesterol
Chemical messengers and form hormones
Ex) Cholesterol, Testosterone, Estrogen
Cholesterol is four rings - hormones have different things sticking off of those rings *

23. What to know about lipids
Know the function of lipids
Know the difference between saturated and unsaturated
Know the four types of lipids and be able to recognize their structure

24. Proteins

25. Functions Structure Movement Enzymes Transport Keratin and collagen
Actin and myosin
Enzymes
Speed up chemical reactions
Transport
Hemoglobin to carry oxygen in blood, proteins across cell membrane

26. Functions Antibodies Hormones Fight disease
Maintain cell function – insulin

27. Structure of Proteins Made of Amino Acids
Amine (NH3); Acid (COOH)
20 different amino acids have different R groups
Must recognize the two groups on the end; 8 essential amino acids – we have to eat these in our diet *

28. Structure of Proteins
Amino acids undergo dehydration synthesis to form
Dipeptides (2 amino acids)
Polypeptides (~3-20 amino acids)
Proteins (many amino acids)
Peptide bond is formed (polar)
Be able to identify peptide bonds in long strings of amino acids *

29. Structure of Proteins (4 Levels)
Primary Structure
Linear sequence of amino acids
Secondary Structure
Hydrogen bonding between amino acids
Causes folding
Alpha helix and beta sheets
Draw helix and sheets to properly show H bonding. Identify the peptide bond (covalent) versus the hydrogen bonds *

30. Structure of Proteins (4 Levels)
Tertiary Structure
3D arrangement of amino acid chain
Caused by covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonding between R groups
Precise shape = specific function
Quaternary Structure
More than one polypeptide chain grouped together
Hemoglobin example, know how shape related to function. Know the different bonding between the structures *

32. Denaturing Proteins Cause protein to lose shape = not function
pH, temperature, chemicals and heavy metals disrupt bonds
Ex) Heating an egg, adding vinegar to milk
Know what denatures proteins *

33. What to know about proteins
Functions
Monomer and how the polypeptide is formed
Four levels of structure and what holds them together
How to denature a protein

34. Nucleic Acids
DNA and RNA

35. DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Stores genetic information
Codes for the order of amino acids in proteins
Made of nucleotides
5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose)
Phosphate
Nitrogenous bases
Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)

36. DNA Structure The sugar and phosphate bond to form a backbone
Bases stick out and hydrogen bond with a second strand – antiparallel
Strands wind around in a double helix

38. RNA Ribonucleic acid Helps in protein synthesis Made of nucleotides
5 carbon sugar (ribose)
Phosphate
Nitrogenous bases
Adenine (A)
Uracil (U)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)
Single stranded

40. ATP Adenosine Triphosphate Molecule of ENERGY
Energy is released during hydrolysis

41. What to know about Nucleic Acids
Function of DNA, RNA and ATP
Structure of a nucleotide
Differences between DNA and RNA