1. Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life

2. Basic Chemistry  Element – pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom  Ex. Hydrogen (H), Helium (He)  It cannot be broken down into simpler substances  Found on the Periodic Table

3. Basic Chemistry  Molecule – substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions  Examples: H 2 0, CO 2, HCl  Properties are different than the elements that make it up

4. Basic Chemistry  The atoms in a molecule are held together by CHEMICAL BONDS BOND

5. What do the molecules below have in common? What is different about the molecules?

6. Organic Molecules  Organic Chemistry - study of carbon containing compounds  Contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O) and are associated with living things  EX: C 6 H 12 O 6 is glucose, an organic molecule

7. Macromolecules  Macromolecules – “Giant molecules” or “biomolecules” made from smaller molecules Formed by a process known as dehydration synthesis, in which large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together. The smaller units, or monomers, join chemically together to form polymers.

8. Macromolecules/Biomolecules  Four groups of macromolecules found in ALL living things are: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids

9. Carbohydrates  Carbohydrates - Compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms (C, H, O)  MONOMERS are simple sugars called monosaccharides EX) honey, glucose  POLYMERS are complex carbs called polysaccharides Ex) potato, pasta, bread, starch, cellulose

10. Uses of Carbohydrates  Living things use carbohydrates as: 1. Quick source of energy (starches and sugars) 2. Plants and some animals also use carbohydrates for structural purposes (cellulose)

11. LIPIDS  FATS and OILS – long term energy storage and insulation Butter, olive oil  WAXES – repel or retain water fruits, leaves, stems of plants

12. LIPIDS  PHOSPHOLIPIDS – makes up the cell membrane of all cells  STEROIDS – helps to control cell function

13. Structure of Lipids  Made from carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms  MONOMERS: Glycerol molecule + 3 fatty acids  Not soluble in water

14. PROTEINS  Proteins - Macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (C, H, O, N)  MONOMERS are called amino acids (there are 20 different amino acids)  POLYMERS are called polypeptides

15. Functions of Proteins  Each protein has a specific role. 1. Some proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. 2. Some are used to form bones and muscles and other structural molecules. 3. Others transport substances into or out of cells 4. Some help to fight disease.

16. Nucleic Acids  Nucleic acids - Macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus (C, H, O, N, P)  Monomers: Made up of repeating units called nucleotides Each nucleotide contains: 1. 5-Carbon Sugar 2. Phosphate Group 3. Nitrogenous Base

17. Nucleic Acids  Two Kinds of Nucleic Acids POLYMERS: 1. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)  Carries instructions on how to make proteins 2. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)  Carries instructions that control the activities of a cell

18. Nucleic Acids  Function of Nucleic Acids: Store genetic information Transmit genetic information