0. History and Development

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Introduction
Students will learn:
How a crime lab works
The growth and development of forensic science through history
Federal rules of evidence, including the Frye standard and the Daubert ruling
Basic types of law in the criminal justice system
Students will be able to:
Describe how the scientific method is used to solve forensic problems
Describe different jobs done by forensic scientists and the experts they consult.
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Forensic Science
The study and application of science to matters of law.
Includes the business of providing timely, accurate, and thorough information to all levels of decision makers in our criminal justice system.
The word forensic is derived from the Latin “forensis” meaning forum, a public place where, in Roman times, senators and others debated and held judicial proceedings.
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Forensic Careers
Serologist / DNA Analyst
Firearms and Toolmarks Examiner
Forensic Chemist / Toxicologist
Latent Fingerprint Examiner
Questioned Document Examiner
CRIMINALISTICS (Forensic Laboratory Experts)
Trace Evidence Specialist
Bloodspatter Analyst
Forensic Pathologist
Investigate crime scene
Forensic Anthropologist
Photos, sketches, notes
MEDICAL EXAMINER
LAW ENFORCEMENT (Homicide detective, police, FBI, profilers, others)
Forensic Entomologist
Arrest criminals
Interrogate witnesses
Deputy Medical Investigators
Collect evidence (non-bodily)
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4. Criminalistics vs Criminology
the scientific examination of physical evidence for legal purposes.
Criminology
includes the psychological angle, studying the crime scene for motive, traits, and behavior that will help to interpret the evidence
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5. Major Crime Laboratories
FBI
DEA
ATF
U.S. Postal Service
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Alabama Department of Forensic Sciences
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Crime Lab History
First police crime lab in the world was established in France in 1910 by Edmond Locard
First police crime lab in the U.S. opened in 1923 in Los Angeles
The Scientific Crime Detection Lab was founded in Evanston, Illinois in 1929
The first FBI crime lab opened in 1932
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7. Major Developments in Forensic Science History
700s AD—Chinese used fingerprints to establish identity of documents and clay sculptures
~1000—Roman courts determined that bloody palm prints were used to frame a man in his brother’s murder
1149—King Richard of England introduced the idea of the coroner to investigate questionable death
1200s—A murder in China is solved when flies were attracted to invisible blood residue on a sword of a man in the community
1598—Fidelus was first to practice forensic medicine in Italy
1670—Anton Van Leeuwenhoek constructed the first high-powered microscope
1776—Paul Revere identified the body of General Joseph Warren based on the false teeth he had made for him
1784—John Toms convicted of murder on basis of torn edge of wad of paper in pistol matching a piece of paper in his pocket
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8. Major Developments in Forensic Science History
1859—Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Bunsen developed the science of spectroscopy.
1864—Crime scene photography developed
1879—Alphonse Bertillon developed a system to identify people using particular body measurements
1896—Edward Henry developed first classification system for fingerprint identification
1900—Karl Landsteiner identified human blood groups
1904—Edmond Locard formulated his famous principle, “Every contact leaves a trace.”
1922—Francis Aston developed the mass spectrometer.
1959—James Watson and Francis Crick discover the DNA double helix
1977—AFIS developed by FBI, fully automated in 1996
1984—Jeffreys developed and used first DNA tests to be applied to a criminal case
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9. People of Historical Significance
Edmond Locard ( )
French professor
Considered the father of criminalistics
Built the world’s first forensic laboratory in France in 1910
Locard Exchange Principle
Whenever two objects come into contact with each other, traces of each are exchanged.
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Mathieu Orfila ( )
Father of forensic toxicology
Native of Spain
In 1814 he published the 1st scientific treatise on the detection of poisons and their effects on animals
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Sir Arthur Conan Doyle ( )
Creator of Sherlock Holmes
Ability to describe scientific methods of detection years before they were actually discovered and implemented
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Alphonse Bertillon ( )
French law enforcement officer
Developed anthropometry (procedure of taking a series of body measurements as a means of distinguishing one individual from another)
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Francis Galton ( )
Developed a methodology of classifying fingerprints
Published Finger Prints in 1892
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Leone Lattes ( )
Professor at the Institute of Forensic Medicine at the University of Turin in Italy
In 1915 he devised a procedure for determining the blood group of a dried bloodstain
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Calvin Goddard ( )
U.S. Army colonel
Established the comparison microscope as the indispensable tool of the firearms examiners
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Albert S. Osburn ( )
Developed principles of document examination
In 1910 he authored Questioned Documents
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“WANTED” flyer
Create an illustration of the contribution of your assigned scientist
Entitle your illustration the scientist’s name
Write at least 2 sentences that explains your scientist’s contribution to forensic science under your illustration.
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18. Scientific Method (as it pertains to criminalistics)
Observe a problem or questioned evidence and collect objective data.
Consider a hypothesis or possible solution.
Examine, test, and then analyze the evidence.
Determine the significance of the evidence.
Formulate a theory based on evaluation of the significance of the evidence
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19. Complex Reasoning Skills
Necessary to Work Through and Solve Crimes:
Deductive and Inductive Reasoning
Classifying
Comparing and Contrasting
Problem Solving
Analyzing Perspectives
Constructing Support
Error Analysis
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20. Laws that Pertain to the U.S. Criminal Justice System
The U.S. Constitution
supreme body of laws
Statutory Law
written law enacted by a governmental body having the power to make laws
Common Law or Case Law
made by judges
Civil Law
deals with relationships between individuals involving such matters as property or contracts
Criminal Law
regulates and enforces rights
Equity Law
Remedial or preventive (restraining order)
Administrative Law
Established by agencies such as IRS, SSA, or military
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21. The Bill of Rights Gives individuals the right:
To be presumed innocent until proven guilty
Not to be searched unreasonably
Not to be arrested without probable cause
Against unreasonable seizure of personal property
Against self-incrimination
To fair questioning by police
To protection from physical harm throughout the justice process
To an attorney
To trial by jury
To know any charges against oneself
To cross-examine prosecution witnesses
To speak and present witnesses
Not to be tried again for the same crime
Against cruel and unusual punishment
To due process
To a speedy trial
Against excessive bail
Against excessive fines
To be treated the same as others, regardless of race, gender, religious preference, country of origin, and other personal attributes
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Miranda Rights
After suspect has been arrested, he/she is booked, fingerprinted, photographed, and informed of his or her Miranda Rights
Miranda v. Arizona 1966
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Miranda v Arizona
In 1963, Ernesto Miranda, a 23 year old mentally disturbed man, was accused of kidnapping and raping an 18-year-old woman in Phoenix, Arizona. He was brought in for questioning, and confessed to the crime. He was not told that he did not have to speak or that he could have a lawyer present. At trial, Miranda's lawyer tried to get the confession thrown out, but the motion was denied. The case went to the Supreme Court in The Court ruled that the statements made to the police could not be used as evidence, since Mr. Miranda had not been advised of his rights.
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Miranda Rights
The following is a minimal Miranda warning:
You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law. You have the right to speak to an attorney, and to have an attorney present during any questioning. If you cannot afford a lawyer, one will be provided for you at the government’s expense.
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Types of Crimes
Infraction
jaywalking, littering, violations of municipal codes (such as building or housing), disturbing the peace, or falsification of information
Misdemeanor
petty theft, prostitution, public intoxication, simple assault, disorderly conduct, trespass, vandalism
Felony
aggravated assault and/or battery, arson, burglary, illegal drug abuse/sales, embezzlement, grand theft, treason, espionage, racketeering, robbery, murder, rape, kidnapping and fraud.
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26. Further steps in judicial system
Arraignment
Informed of charges
Rights
Bail
Plea of guilty, not guilty, not guilty by reason of insanity, double jeopardy, no contest
If guilty plea, then preliminary hearing with no jury and judge will pass sentence.
If not guilty plea, then the judge will decide if there is enough evidence to take the case to trial and set a date.
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Facts
Only about 50% of all people arrested are eventually convicted, and of those, only 25% are sentenced to a year or more in prison.
About 90% of cases are plea bargained.
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Assignment
If you were caught red-handed in a burglary, what procedures would you expect to experience before sentencing?
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29. Federal Rules of Evidence
In order for evidence to be admissible, it must be:
Probative—actually prove something
Material—address an issue that is relevant to the particular crime
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30. Admissibility of Evidence
1923 Frye v. United States
Scientific evidence is allowed into the courtroom if it is generally accepted by the relevant scientific community. The Frye standard does not offer any guidance on reliability. The evidence is presented in the trial and the jury decides if it can be used.
website
1993 Daubert v. Dow
Admissibility is determined by:
Whether the theory or technique can be tested
Whether the science has been offered for peer review
Whether the rate of error is acceptable
Whether the method at issue enjoys widespread acceptance.
Whether the opinion is relevant to the issue
The judge decides if the evidence can be entered into the trial.
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Facets of Guilt
Try to prove:
Means—person had the ability to do the crime
Motive—person had a reason to do the crime (not necessary to prove in a court of law)
Opportunity—person can be placed at the crime
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“If the Law has made you a witness, remain a man (woman) of science.
You have no victim to avenge, no guilty or innocent person to ruin or save.
You must bear testimony within the limits of science.”
—P.C.H. Brouardel
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Backpack Mystery
Read through the story
Record the guilty person’s:
Means
Motive
Opportunity
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