1. Part 2 Pages 282-285 Expanding Public Education
Chapter 8
Part 2
Pages
Expanding Public Education

2. Terms to Know Booker T. Washington
Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute
W.E.B. DuBois
Niagra Movement

3. Early U.S. Educational Reformers
Horace Mann: First state school superintendent
John Dewey: a progressive reformer who beleived that schools should prepare studets for full participation in community life and for participation in government as informed voters and civil servants

4. Schools To train for employment opportunities
To train for responsible citizenship
To help immigrants assimilate into American life

5. By the Civil War Most states had established public schools
Fewer in the South
BUT most did not get HS diploms
Most left after 4 years of public schooling

6. Between 1865 and 1895 Many states had passed compulsory education laws
12-16 weeks of school a year
From 8 to 14 years of age
Basic reading, writing, math

7. Why children skipped school
See page 285 …a reading about the good old days

8. William Torrey Harris
An educational reformer at the turn of the century
Like Dewey Promoted a child-centered education

9. Kindergarten
Began as day care for mothers who worked but grew dramatically
200 kindergartens in 1880
3,000 in 1900
So public schools began to add kindergarten programs

10. Public Education and Race
% of white children were attending elementary schools
Only 34% of African American children attended
After 1900 some improvement but segregation and poorer conditions for Black children

11. The Growth of High Schools
The Industrial Age demanded those with mechanical skills and managerial skills for advancement
By the early 1900’s more than half of a million students were arrending High Schools

12. New Curriculums In Science, Civics, Social Studies
New Vocational Courses: drafting, carpentry, mechanics
Women’s courses for office work

13. African Americans Were often excluded from public high schools
By less than 1% of African Americans attended High School
Only 3% in 1910 and these were ot public schools

14. Education and Immigrants
Immigrants were encouraged to attend public schools
For assimilation
But many Catholics were concerned about Protestant indoctrination so founded parochial schools

15. Adult Education
Adult immigrants took advantage of night school to learn English, government, American History for citizenship
Some employers offered daytime programs…Henry Ford

16. Higher Education By 1900 a minority had a High school diploma
And fewer than 3% attended college
BUT between 1880 and college enrollment fquadrupled

17. Colleges
Changed curriculum
Changed admission policies

18. New Courses Modern languages Physical sciences Psychology Sociology
New schools for law and medicine

19. College admissions Some had enterence exams
Some admitted all with a high school diploma

20. African Americans Were rejected by white institutions
Some Black colleges through the Freedmen’s Bureau (established after the Civil War to attend to the problems of the newly freed Black man) and private donations
Howard, Atlanta, Fisk

21. By 1900 There were 9 million African Americans
3,880 attended colleges or professional schools

22. Booker T. Washington African-American Educator Noteworthy Black Leader
Believed that racism would disappear when Blacks could show that they were a valuable part of the national economy
Washington urged patience and hard work through his Atlanta Compromise

23. The Atlanta Compromise
From a speech given in Atlanta, Georgia
Washington urged Blacks to educate themselves in a practical trade (ie black farmers should know the state-of-the-art information on fertilizer) AND to emulate the white middle class

24. Through education
The Black population could become an integrel part of the American economy
By emulating the white middle class, Blacks would assure the Whites that they were no threat to American culture and wanted to “fit in.”

25. Booker T. Washington Was born a slave
By 1881 he headed the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute…Now Tuskegee university in Alabama
Specialized in teaching, agricultural, domestic, and mechanical courses

26. W.E.B. DuBois
The first African American to earn a doctorate from Harvard
Promoted a Liberal Arts Education for Blacks
Wanted African Americans to demand their rights now

27. The Niagara Mov ement Founded the NAACP in 1905
Hoped for immediate inclusion into mainstream American Life for the African American