1. E. Wainright Martin Carol V. Brown Daniel W. DeHayes Jeffrey A. Hoffer William C. Perkins MANAGINGINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY FIFTH EDITION CHAPTER 3 C OMPUTER S OFTWARE

2. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 2 1.Machine language (1GL) Each instruction must be expressed in unique form for a particular computer Complete program consists of thousands of instructions Programming was tedious, time-consuming process 2.Assembly languages (2GL)  Use computer itself to perform many aspects of the programming  Create a machine language program as output, that is then used by the computer’s control unit First and Second Generation Languages E VOLUTION OF C OMPUTER P ROGRAMMING Page 53

3. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 3 First and Second Generation Languages E VOLUTION OF C OMPUTER P ROGRAMMING Page 53 Figure 3.1 Assembler Translation Process SOURCE PROGRAM OBJECT PROGRAM (which can be directly executed on computer)

4. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 4 3.Procedural Languages (3GL) Generally are machine independent. Express a step-by-step procedure developed by programmer Must be compiled or interpreted (translated into machine language) Include FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, PL/1, PASCAL, ADA, and C Third and Fourth Generation Languages E VOLUTION OF C OMPUTER P ROGRAMMING Page 53

5. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 5 Page 54 Figure 3.2 Compiling and Running a Procedural Language Program SOURCE PROGRAM OBJECT PROGRAM

6. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 6 Page 54 Figure 3.3 Interpreting and Running an Interpretive Language Program SOURCE PROGRAM

7. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 7 4.Nonprocedural Languages (4GL) Also referred to as productivity languages Use more English-like statements for program instructions Easier to use, write, and less error-prone Use a built-in interpreter to convert to machine language Take much longer to execute than 3GLs Include FOCUS, CA-Ramis, IFPS, and SAS Third and Fourth Generation Languages E VOLUTION OF C OMPUTER P ROGRAMMING Page 55

8. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 8 Object-Oriented (Visual) Languages 3GLs with some 4GL features Built on idea of embedding procedures (methods) in objects, and putting objects together to create an application Include Smalltalk, C++, Java, and Visual Basic Third and Fourth Generation Languages E VOLUTION OF C OMPUTER P ROGRAMMING Page 55 Figure 3.4 The Software Iceberg

9. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 9 1.Applications software 2.Support software Page 56 K EY T YPES OF S OFTWARE Figure 3.4 The Software Iceberg

10. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 10 Spheres of Influence & Application Software Personal Workgroup Enterprise programs that serve the needs of an individual user word processing, spreadsheets, databases, e-mail programs that support the firm in its interaction with its environment order entry, billing Two or more people who work together to achieve a common goal Systems that support information sharing, group scheduling, group decision making, and conferencing

11. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 11 Programs written to accomplish particular tasks Diverse … some general-purpose and some specific Examples include:  General ledger accounting  Portfolio management  Sales forecasting  Material requirements planning (MRP)  Electronic mail  Desktop publishing Page 56-57 A PPLICATIONS S OFTWARE

12. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 12 Peachtree Accounting Complete  Commercial accounting package for smaller businesses  Includes general ledger, accounts receivable, accounts payable, inventory, payroll, time and billing, job costing, fixed asset accounting, and analysis and reporting tools  $300 for single-user version Page 58 A PPLICATIONS S OFTWARE Examples of Applications Packages

13. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 13 Page 58 Figure 3.5 “My Business Page” from Peachtree Complete Accounting

14. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 14 Word processing Spreadsheets Presentation graphics Electronic mail and groupware Database management systems Desktop publishing Web browsers Statistical packages Page 59-63 A PPLICATIONS S OFTWARE Personal Productivity Software

15. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 15 Word processing  Used to create documents for printing  Most popular is Microsoft Word  Others are Corel WordPerfect, Lotus Word Pro, and Sun’s StarOffice Writer  All employ WYSIWYG Page 59-60 A PPLICATIONS S OFTWARE Personal Productivity Software

16. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 16 Spreadsheets  Used to create applications that fit a row-column format  Most popular is Microsoft Excel  Others are Lotus 1-2-3 and Corel Quattro Pro  All employ rows, columns, cells, formulas, “what-if” analysis Page 60 A PPLICATIONS S OFTWARE Personal Productivity Software

17. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 17 Page 61 Figure 3.6 Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet

18. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 18 Database Management Systems  Used to create databases similar to those on larger machines  Most popular is Microsoft Access  Others are FileMaker Pro, Corel Paradox, and Lotus Approach  All employ a relational data model Page 61 A PPLICATIONS S OFTWARE Personal Productivity Software

19. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 19 Presentation Graphics  Used to create largely textual business presentations  Most popular is Microsoft PowerPoint  Others are Corel Presentations and Lotus Freelance Graphics  All allow embedding of clip art, photos, graphs, and other media Page 61-62 A PPLICATIONS S OFTWARE Personal Productivity Software

20. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 20 World Wide Web Browsers  Used to access information on the Web  Requires ISP service to link PC to Internet  Create documents for printing  Most popular are Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator … both free!  Both employ standard hypertext-based approach (way to link text and media objects to each other)  Use pull technology – browser requests a Web page before it is sent to desktop  Use push technology – data sent to client without requesting it (such as e-mail) Page 62-63 A PPLICATIONS S OFTWARE Personal Productivity Software

21. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 21 Electronic Mail  Preferred way of communicating in business today  Easy to use and precise Groupware  Incorporates e-mail and other productivity features, such as calendaring, scheduling, and document sharing Page 63 A PPLICATIONS S OFTWARE Personal Productivity Software

22. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 22 Office Suites  Popular software applications bundled together and sold as a single package (suite)  Used for home or office  Most popular is Microsoft Office  Others are Corel WordPerfect Office, Lotus SmartSuite, and Sun StarOffice Page 64 A PPLICATIONS S OFTWARE Personal Productivity Software

23. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 23 Page 64 A PPLICATIONS S OFTWARE Personal Productivity Software Microsoft Office 2003 EditionApplicationsPurposeRetail price Standard Word Excel PowerPoint Outlook Word processing Spreadsheets Presentation graphics E-mail, scheduling $399 Small Business Adds: Publisher Desktop publishing $449 Professional Adds: Access Database management $499

24. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 24 User communicates with operating system software to control hardware and software resources Communication made easier with a graphical user interface (GUI) feature Page 66 S UPPORT S OFTWARE The Operating System Operating system – complex program that controls operation of computer hardware and coordinates other software

25. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 25 Page 66 S UPPORT S OFTWARE The Operating System Job Control Language (JCL) – keyed instructions from the computer user to communicate with the operating system

26. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 26 Page 66-67 S UPPORT S OFTWARE The Operating System Multiprogramming – employed on larger machines to overlap input and output operations with processing time, keeping the CPU busy and speeding up execution Multitasking – similar to multiprogramming, but employed on microcomputers

27. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 27 Virtual Memory  Concerned with management of main memory  Makes it appear more memory available than actually is  Used only on larger computers  Permits multiprogramming to operate more efficiently Page 67 S UPPORT S OFTWARE The Operating System

28. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 28 Page 67 S UPPORT S OFTWARE The Operating System Multiprocessing – work that takes place when two or more CPUs are installed on same computer system

29. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 29 Sources of Operating Systems  Microcomputers: MS-DOS, PC-DOS, Windows XP  Midrange systems: OS/400  Large systems: VM and MVS Page 68 S UPPORT S OFTWARE The Operating System Proprietary systems – most popular type of operating systems, written for a particular computer hardware configuration

30. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 30 Sources of Operating Systems  Examples: UNIX and Linux Page 68 S UPPORT S OFTWARE The Operating System Open systems – not tied to any particular computer system or hardware manufacturer – will run on virtually any computer system

31. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 31 Sources of Operating Systems  Enhanced operating system to allow for sharing disk drives and printers handling server side of client/server applications Page 68 S UPPORT S OFTWARE The Operating System Network operating systems (NOS) – software running on a server that manages network resources and controls the operation of a network

32. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 32 Sources of Operating Systems Major players include: UNIX and Linux Microsoft Windows NT, 2000 Server, 2003 Server Novell NetWare Page 68 S UPPORT S OFTWARE The Operating System Network operating systems (NOS) – software running on a server that manages network resources and controls the operation of a network

33. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 33 Procedural languages (3GL)  Require logical thinking  Entail development of a detailed step-by- step procedure  Can be developed using structured programming Page 69 S UPPORT S OFTWARE Third Generation Languages

34. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 34 Advantages:  Program logic easier to follow  Maintenance and correction easier and faster  Do not use GO TO logic Page 70 S UPPORT S OFTWARE Third Generation Languages Structured programs – divided into modules, where each has one entry and one exit point

35. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 35 Page 70 S UPPORT S OFTWARE Third Generation Languages Table 3.1 Stages in the Program Development Process

36. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 36 Most popular procedural languages:  BASIC  C  COBOL Page 70-75 S UPPORT S OFTWARE Third Generation Languages

37. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 37 Page 71 Figure 3.9 BASIC Program

38. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 38 Page 72 Figure 3.10 C Program

39. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 39 Page 73 Figure 3.11 COBOL Program

40. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 40 Page 73 Figure 3.11 COBOL Program

41. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 41 Page 74 Figure 3.11 COBOL Program

42. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 42 Other procedural languages:  FORTRAN  PL/1  PASCAL  ADA Page 74 S UPPORT S OFTWARE Third Generation Languages

43. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 43 Nonprocedural languages:  Use very high-level instructions  Require fewer instructions  Easier to write, modify, understand  Example: FOCUS Page 75 S UPPORT S OFTWARE Fourth Generation Languages

44. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 44 Page 76 Figure 3.12 FOCUS Program and Output

45. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 45 Most popular:  HTML: used to create Web pages  XML: used to facilitate data interchange among Web applications Page 72-73 S UPPORT S OFTWARE Markup Languages

46. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 46 Requires more computing power Has built-in GUI Neither 3GL nor 4GL … new paradigm Creates objects only once and stores for reuse Object examples:  Text box, check box, entity in an organization Languages:  Smalltalk, C++, Java, Visual Basic.NET Page 78 S UPPORT S OFTWARE Object-Oriented Programming

47. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 47 Page 80 Figure 3.13A Visual Basic Program

48. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 48 Page 81 Figure 3.13B Visual Basic Screen Layout

49. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 49 HTML Server-side programming languages:  Perl  Java Servlets and Java Server Pages  Microsoft Active Server Pages (ASP, ASP.NET)  ColdFusion Page 83-86 S UPPORT S OFTWARE Languages for Developing Web Applications

50. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 50 Page 84 Figure 3.17 Grocery Store HTML Form

51. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 51 Page 85 Figure 3.17 HTML and ASP.NET code to accompany Grocery Store HTML Form

52. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 52 Page 86 Figure 3.18 Program to Process Data from Grocery Store HTML Form

53. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 53 Page 86 Figure 3.19 Grocery Store Confirmation Web Page

54. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 54 Page 86 Figure 3.19 Code to Generate Confirmation Web Page

55. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 55 DBMS – support software used to create, manage, and protect organizational data Database – shared collection of logically related data organized to meet organizational needs Relational DBMS  Most common type  Data arranged in simple tables  Records related by storing common data in each associated table  Examples: Microsoft Access and SQL Server, Paradox, DB2, and Ingres Page 87 S UPPORT S OFTWARE Database Management Systems

56. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 56 Sequential – arranges records physically adjacent and in order by some (usually unique) sort key Direct – uses key for records placed so that they are rapidly accessed from DASDs Page 88 S UPPORT S OFTWARE File Organization Figure 3.20 File Organizations

57. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 57 S UPPORT S OFTWARE Indexed  Compromise between sequential and direct  Record keys only arranged in sequence in a separate table, along with location of rest of data associated with that key  Popular types include ISAM and VSAM Page 88 File Organization Figure 3.20 File Organizations

58. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 58 Page 89 Figure 3.21 Relationship Schemes Relational DBMSs use this scheme

59. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 59  Growth slower than anticipated  Radically changed nature of systems analyst and programmer jobs Page 88 S UPPORT S OFTWARE CASE Tools Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) – collection of software tools to help automate all phases of the software development life cycle

60. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 60 Large computers  need to control workstations and terminals  Example software: IBM’s CICS, TSO, and CMS LANs and WANs  Need to connect to the Internet  Web browsers  Telenet  File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Page 88-90 S UPPORT S OFTWARE Communications Interface Software

61. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 61 More complexity of hardware/software arrangements Less concern with machine efficiency More purchased applications More programming using object-oriented and visual languages More emphasis on applications that run on intranets and the Internet More user development More use of personal productivity software Page 90-91 T HE C HANGING N ATURE OF S OFTWARE

62. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 62 More complexity of hardware/software arrangements Less concern with machine efficiency More purchased applications More programming using object-oriented and visual languages More emphasis on applications that run on intranets and the Internet Page 92 T HE S OFTWARE C OMPONENT OF THE I NFORMATION S YSTEMS I NDUSTRY

63. © 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 63 Trends in Computer Software User-written programs Machine languages Packaged programs Symbolic languages Operating systems High-level languages DBMS Fourth-generation languages Microcomputer packages Natural & object- oriented languages Multipurpose graphic-interface network-enabled expert-assisted packages Trend: Toward Easy-to-Use Multipurpose Network-Enabled Application Packages for Productivity and Collaboration Trend: Toward Visual or Conversational Programming Languages and Tools

64. Porter’s Five Forces Model

65. UAL was the first airline to offer a competitive advantage with its frequent flyer mileage

66. An example of an organization with “ high ” supplier power