2. Chapter 7 Human Growth and Development Health Care Science Technology Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

3. Chapter 7 2 The Adult Years 7-3 The Young Adult: Twenty to Forty Years The Young Adult: Twenty to Forty Years The Middle-Aged Adult: Forty to Sixty-Five Years The Middle-Aged Adult: Forty to Sixty-Five Years The Mature Adult Years: Sixty- Five Years and Older The Mature Adult Years: Sixty- Five Years and Older CLICK A DEVELOPMENTAL LEVEL TO GO DIRECTLY TO THAT SECTION.

4. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 3 The Young Adult: Twenty to Forty Years Physical Development – Growth has generally stopped, but calcium and regular weight-bearing exercise are still required. – Visual acuity begins to decline, especially depth perception. – Hearing loss may be noted, although it can begin as early as age 14.

5. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 4 The Young Adult: Twenty to Forty Years (cont.) Intellectual-Cognitive Development – Knowledge acquired through both formal training and on-the-job training. – Critical thinking and reasoning skills are refined.

6. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 5 The Young Adult: Twenty to Forty Years (cont.) Psycho-Emotional Development – Long-lasting relationships are established. – Careers can lead to stress and anxiety.

7. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 6 The Young Adult: Twenty to Forty Years (cont.) Social Development – Young adults establish careers, marriages, families, and homes. – Friendships and relationships may be based more on interests than age. – Contributing to the community becomes important.

8. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 7 The Young Adult: Twenty to Forty Years (cont.) Aspects of Care – Weight-bearing and aerobic exercise should be continued to reduce and prevent bone loss. – A balanced nutritional plan should be in place. – The need for social contact continues, and may be fulfilled through church, school, and community activities.

9. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 8 The Young Adult: Twenty to Forty Years (cont.) – Stress management techniques are essential. – Regular health checkups are important for preventive maintenance. – Regular dental care is necessary, including cleaning and checkups twice a year.

10. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 9 The Middle-Aged Adult: Forty to Sixty-Five Years Physical Development – Females may experience bone loss as early as age 35. Men may not experience it until age 65. – Muscle strength, endurance, and stamina may begin to decline. – Hair may begin to turn gray and thin; wrinkles appear in the skin. – Chronic health problems such as hypertension, heart disease, and diabetes may surface.

11. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 10 The Middle-Aged Adult: Forty to Sixty-Five Years (cont.) Intellectual-Cognitive Development – The brain begins to decrease in size, due to water loss. – Information processing begins to slow. – The individual is still capable of multitasking, learning new information, and retrieving old information.

12. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 11 The Middle-Aged Adult: Forty to Sixty-Five Years (cont.) Psycho-Emotional Development – Many feel a sense of pride and accomplishment in their careers. – Some may experience a sense of loss, known as the “empty nest” syndrome. – An awareness of one’s mortality may be noted.

13. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 12 The Middle-Aged Adult: Forty to Sixty-Five Years (cont.) Social Development – Caring for an aging parent may lead to stress. – Creative, social, and enjoyable outlets are important.

14. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 13 The Middle-Aged Adult: Forty to Sixty-Five Years (cont.) Aspects of Care – Regular weight-bearing and aerobic exercise should be continued. – A balanced nutritional plan should be in place. – Adequate rest is needed to be able to perform daily tasks. – The need for social contact continues. – Stress-management techniques should be applied. – Regular health and dental checkups should continue.

15. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 14 The Mature Adult Years: Sixty-Five Years and Older Physical Development – The body begins to show physical signs of aging.

16. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 15 The Mature Adult Years: Sixty-Five and Older (cont.) – Integumentary System Thinning and wrinkling skin is caused by a decrease in collagen and elastin in the dermis. Atrophy, or degeneration, of the subcutaneous layer of skin is caused by a decrease in adipose tissue. Decrease in melanocytes, which produce pigment and protect against ultraviolet light. Graying, thinning hair and brittle nails. Decreasing inflammatory response, resulting in slower healing.

17. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 16 The Mature Adult Years: Sixty-Five and Older (cont.) – Nervous System Slower reaction time and thought processing. Decreased blood flow to the brain, caused by arteriosclerosis. Shortened attention span and difficulty in multi- tasking. Shrinkage of temporal lobes, leading to weaker signals to the brain for processing. Impairment of fine motor activities. Memory loss caused by changes in the brain. Impaired vision and hearing.

18. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 17 The Mature Adult Years: Sixty-Five and Older (cont.) – Musculoskeletal System Osteoporosis or decreased bone density. Osteoarthritis or joint disease. Decreased numbers of musculoskeletal fibers.

19. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 18 The Mature Adult Years: Sixty-Five and Older (cont.) – Cardiovascular System Decreased cardiac output, especially during exercise. Arteriosclerosis. Postural hypotension or loss of blood pressure when standing or sitting up abruptly. Increased risk of heart disease.

20. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 19 The Mature Adult Years: Sixty-Five and Older (cont.) – Respiratory System Some loss of elasticity of the lungs. Calcification of the intercostal cartilage. Increased shortness of breath, caused by the physical changes listed above.

21. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 20 The Mature Adult Years: Sixty-Five and Older (cont.) – Immune System General decline, giving rise to susceptibility to infectious diseases and autoimmune diseases such as cancer and rheumatoid arthritis.

22. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 21 The Mature Adult Years: Sixty-Five and Older (cont.) – Digestive System Constipation, caused by lack of exercise and poor diet. Fecal incontinence, caused by lack of muscle tone.

23. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 22 The Mature Adult Years: Sixty-Five and Older (cont.) – Genitourinary System Decreased number of nephrons, the functional units of the kidney. Reduced tolerance for stress, so the kidneys may respond to disease in other parts of the body. Loss of voluntary control of urination.

24. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 23 The Mature Adult Years: Sixty-Five and Older (cont.) – Endocrine System Decreased thyroid function. Loss of estrogen production in females. Decreasing levels of aldosterone, a hormone that has a role in regulating blood pressure. Increased delay in return of cortisol to normal levels after stressful events. Deficiencies in response to insulin by various organs.

25. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 24 The Mature Adult Years: Sixty-Five and Older (cont.) Intellectual-Cognitive Development – Although information is processed slowly, mature adults can continue to learn. – Long-term memory seems to remain intact; short-term memory may be less acute. – The wealth of knowledge accumulated tends to make mature adults great teachers.

26. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 25 The Mature Adult Years: Sixty-Five and Older (cont.) Psycho-Emotional Development – Retirement can lead to a sense of loss or grief. – Mature adults must increasingly deal with death, as that of a spouse or friends.

27. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 26 The Mature Adult Years: Sixty-Five and Older (cont.) Social Development – Some mature adults experience an increased spirituality. – Many live in retirement homes or communities. – Grandchildren may become a source of pleasure.

28. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 27 The Mature Adult Years: Sixty-Five and Older (cont.) Aspects of Care – Regular weight-bearing and aerobic exercise should be continued to reduce and prevent bone loss. – A balanced nutritional plan should be maintained.

29. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 28 The Mature Adult Years: Sixty-Five and Older (cont.) Aspects of Care (cont.) – The need for sleep may decrease, but short periods of rest throughout the day may offset the loss. – Social contact should persist. – Regular health and dental checkups should continue. – Individuals should maintain active interests.

30. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 7 29 Section 7-3 Apply Your Knowledge List some signs of aging. Answers: 1.Thinning and wrinkling skin. 2.Graying and thinning hair. 3.Slower healing. 4.Slower reaction time. 5.Impairment of fine motor activities. 6.Impaired vision and hearing. 7.Decreased bone density. 8.Increased risk of heart disease.