1. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carl P. Gabbard PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation revised by Alberto Cordova, University of Texas at San Antonio Chapter 11 Motor Behavior in the Adult Years

2. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Adulthood and Older Adulthood Peak Performance 20 to 30 years Biological maturity Regression Older Adulthood 30+ years Figure 1.2

3. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Peak Performance Muscular strength, cardiorespiratory efficiency, processing speed, flex, and balance Concepts Peak 25 to 30 years of age Females (22 to 25 years) Males (28 to 30 years) Associated with biological maturity

4. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Changes in Grip Strength with Age Figure 11.1

5. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.2 Changes in Maximum Oxygen Consumption with Age

6. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Relationship of Age to Exercise Tolerance Figure 11.3

7. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Reaction Time and Movement Time as Functions of Age Figure 11.4

8. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 11.1

9. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regression Aging is the diminished capacity to regulate the internal environment, which results in a reduced probability of survival. The study of older people and the aging process is known as gerontology. Advanced aging causes bone loss, muscle loss, and fat increase. Many problems associated with advanced aging are due to inactivity and other poor health habits.

10. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Biological Theories of Advanced Aging Genetic theory (cellular clock theory) Wear-and-tear theory Cellular garbage / mutation theories (free-radicals and cross- linking) Immune system theories Hormonal theories (e.g., estrogen / GH)

11. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Biological Regression and Motor Performance Cardiorespiratory function Cardiovascular capacity declines approx. 30% between the ages of 30 to 70 years. Active individuals maintain a higher aerobic capacity than sedentary people. Muscular strength On average people lose 25 to 30% of their muscle mass between the ages of 30 to 70 years.

12. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.5 General Physiological Function Across the Life Span for Active and Sedentary Persons

13. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Change with Age in Male and Female World Records for 100-m and 10-km Runs Figure 11.6

14. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mean Performance for Short- and Long-Distance Masters-Level Freestyle Swimming Figure 11.7

15. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neural Function Psychomotor slowing General biological degradation 15% decrease in nerve conduction velocity RT / MT declines Biological Regression and Motor Performance

16. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Balance Loss in ability to establish and maintain postural stability Increased sway Active vs. inactive Flexibility Loss of joint mobility Physical activity level, inherent effects of aging, and degenerative joint diseases have greatest influence on flexibility during adulthood Biological Regression and Motor Performance

17. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Changes in skeletal tissue and body fat Bone mass loss Males: 10 to 15% Females: 30% Weight loss at approx. 50 to 60 years of age Additional body fat gained during adulthood becomes excess weight to be moved during locomotor activities Biological Regression and Motor Performance

18. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Walking Shorter steps, shorter stride length, out-toeing, less step height, wide steps, and decreased walking speed Psychological factor plays a role Changing Movement Patterns

19. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Changing Movement Patterns Running and jumping Less leg / knee flexion and extension, shorter stride, greater number of strides, decreased arm swing, flatter foot, less speed and power

20. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Throwing and striking Slower extension velocities, shorter backswing, less flexion and extension Experience / practice Changing Movement Patterns

21. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Movement Time Characteristics Figure 11.8

22. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 11.2

23. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Physical Activity and Longevity Regular physical activity and moderate physical fitness increase longevity. Figure 11.9

24. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Motor behavior during the adult years is characterized by two distinguishing milestones: peak performance and regression. A basic fact of development during the adult years is the difference between chronological and physiological age. During late adulthood, a deterioration in specific movement patterns may also occur. Physical activity, especially habitual participation, has been shown to have positive effects on several aspects of growth, development, and motor performance. Summary