1. BB Bbbb Bb bb Populations: Allele Frequencies

2. 1) Suppose that the frequency of the b allele in the population is.3. a) What is the frequency of the B allele in the population? b) What is the sum of the frequencies of the b and the B alleles?

3. c) What is the frequency of the bb genotype? d) What is the frequency of the BB genotype? e) What is the sum of the frequencies of cats with genotypes BB or bb?

4. f) What is the frequency of cats with genotype Bb? g) What is the frequency of cats with genotype bB? e) What is the frequency of heterozygous cats?

5. f) What is the sum of the frequencies of cats that are BB, bb and Bb?

6. If p = frequency of first allele, and q = frequency of second allele p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1 (Hardy-Weinberg Equation) Frequency of BB Frequency of Heterozygotes (Bb or bB) Frequency of bb

7. 2) Suppose the frequency of B =.2. What are frequencies of the three possible genotypes? frequency (BB) = frequency (bb) = frequency (Bb/bB) =

8. Do Allele Frequencies Change Over Time? p =.2 q =.8

9. Hardy-Weinberg Principle: In a population, allele frequencies remain constant in the absence of evolutionary forces Bb bb BB bb Bb

10. Assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg Principle: Bb bb BB bb Bb 1) Random Mating

11. Bb bb BB bb Bb 2) No Mutations Assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg Principle: c

12. Bb bb BB bb Bb 3) Large Population Size

13. Assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg Principle: Bb bb BB bb Bb 4) No Immigration BB

14. Assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg Principle: Bb bb BB bb Bb 5) Genotypes have Equal Fitness (= No Natural Selection) ( 2 offspring) (10 offspring) BB (6 offspring)

15. Assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg Principle: 1)Random Mating 2)No Mutations 3)Large Population Size 4)No Immigration 5)All Genotypes have Equal Fitness (= No Natural Selection) ? How likely is it that a population meets ALL ASSUMPTIONS?

16. Natural Selection Case Study: Peppered Moth (Biston betularia) Biston betularia var. typicaBiston betularia var. carbonaria DD, Dddd

17. 1800 1900 England: Industrial Revolution

18. 3 4 Explanation?

19. Forms of Natural Selection in Populations: DIRECTIONAL SELECTION 20 21 22 Genotype: BB Genotype: Bb Genotype: bb 24

20. Forms of Natural Selection in Populations: DIRECTIONAL SELECTION Fig. 8.15 in Molles 2006

21. Forms of Natural Selection in Populations: DISRUPTIVE SELECTION 20 21 22 Genotype: BB Genotype: Bb Genotype: bb 23 24

22. Forms of Natural Selection in Populations: DISRUPTIVE SELECTION Fig. 8.15 in Molles 2006

23. Forms of Natural Selection in Populations: STABILIZING SELECTION Fig. 8.15 in Molles 2006 20 21 22 Genotype: BB Genotype: Bb Genotype: bb

24. Fig. 8.15 in Molles 2006 Forms of Natural Selection in Populations: STABILIZING SELECTION

25. 10 5 6 7 9 8 Anoles (Anolis): 150 species in the Caribbean Islands Demonstrating the PROCESS of Adaptation

26. Observed Relationship of Hind Limb Length to Vegetation in Brown Anoles (Anolis sagrei) 11 Hind Limb Length 12 13 14

27. 15 Brown Anole (Anolis sangrei) Introduction of Brown Anole Populations from Staniel Cay Island to 14 Caribbean Islands (with no preexisting Anole Populations) An Experiment to Test for Adaptive Change

28. Fig. 4.12 in Molles 2008 10-14 Years Later..

29. Fig. 4.13 in Molles 2008 10-14 Years Later..

30. Question: Phenotypic Plasticity (= Developmental)? Heritable Trait (with Genetic Basis)?

31. Possible Lab Experiment to Test for Phenotypic Plasticity versus Heritability of Leg Length

32. 17 Soapberry Bug 18 Species Native to U.S. (3) Species Introduced to U.S. (3) 19 Soapberry Bugs and Plants in Soapberry Family (Sapindaceae) Demonstrating HERITABILITY in Natural Selection

33. Hypothesis: Beak Length Selected to match Distance to Seed in Fruit 16

34. Fig. 4.15 in Molles 2008 Size of Fruit in Native and Introduced Soapberries Florida South Central U.S.

35. Fig. 4.16 in Molles 2008 Observed Relationship between Beak Length and Fruit Radius (Both in FL, TX)

36. Question: Phenotypic Plasticity (= Developmental)? Heritable Trait (with Genetic Basis)?

37. Lab Experiment to Test for Adaptive Change Rear Juveniles Bugs with Small Beaks on Large Fruited Species Rear Juvenile Bugs with Large Beaks of Small Fruited Species

38. Results

39. Are All Population Changes due to Natural Selection? Chihuahua Spruce Glanville Fritillary Butterfly

40. 1 http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/12/59012-004-3F583FEF.jpg 2 http://www.suffolkmothgroup.org.uk/newsletters/40/PB_PepperedMoth.jpg 3 http://media-3.web.britannica.com/eb-media/11/59011-004-F2BFB969.jpg 4 http://www.mlahanas.de/Cyprus/Fauna/image/EuropeanRobin2.jpg 5 http://images.google.com/images?sourceid=navclient&rlz=1T4GGLR_enUS307 US307&q=anolis&hl=en&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wi 6 http://www.naturephoto-cz.eu/pic/sevcik/anolis-baracoae--anolis-baracoae.jpg 7 http://www.hlasek.com/foto/anolis_allisoni_4174.jpg 9 http://www.agamen.de/reptilien/leguane/fotos/Anolis5.jpg 10 http://www.thecaribbeanamphibian.com/images/caribbean-islands-map.jpg 11 http://www.cryptomundo.com/wp-content/uploads/0114anolis_datzorum.jpg

41. 12 http://www.ahailey.f9.co.uk/pics5/chrysolepis.jpg 13 http://www.mascotissimo.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/02/anoli_verde_ anolis_carolinensis.jpg 14 http://www.uwgb.edu/biodiversity/herbarium/shrubs/alnrug_xsec01.jpg 15 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Anolis_sagrei.jpg /250px-Anolis_sagrei.jpg 16 http://www.biology.duke.edu/rausher/soapber1.JPG 17 http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2226/2523728904_258352f8cd.jpg?v=0 18 http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/shrub/sasad.jpg 19 http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/cardiospermum_halicacabum2.jpg 20 http://www.bluecross.org.uk/web/MultimediaFiles/BLACKRAB5.JPG 21 http://www.fotosearch.com/comp/PDS/PDS711/white-rabbit-black_~AA028208.jpg

42. 22 http://www.british-giantrabbits.co.uk/images/P7180020.jpg 23 http://i166.photobucket.com/albums/u109/jammyn/070930_Mex9/Mexico380.jpg 24 http://www.natureinstitute.org/pub/ic/ic8/Images/IC8_page10.gif 25 http://pro.corbis.com/images/IH075114.jpg?size=67&uid=%7BB751DF66-D85E- 4E3D-A78C-DC9C3B068766%7D 26 http://www.conifers.org/pi/pic/chihuahuana2.jpg