1. Engr Auyon:engrauyon@yahoo.com Fundamental Ideas

2. Engr Auyon:engrauyon@yahoo.com What is Communication ?? Exchange Of Information

3. Engr Auyon:engrauyon@yahoo.com What is Communication?? Exchange Of Information

4. Engr Auyon:engrauyon@yahoo.com I get it !!!!!!!!!!!! My Information. Audio Video Data Signal Free Space Copper Fiber Optic Source Destination Transfer of information from one place to another Transmission Medium

5. Engr Auyon:engrauyon@yahoo.com How to transfer information?? Some carrier is required to carry information over long distances…. Why??? Through Some Carrier Limitation: Information cannot go beyond certain distance without the aid of a carrier

6. Engr Auyon:engrauyon@yahoo.com Carrier Should be capable of carrying information Can take it through long distance Should have good speed Which is the most suitable carrier??

7. Engr Auyon:engrauyon@yahoo.com Electromagnetic Wave Highest Known speed 3x10 8 m/s Can carry any information through modulation Energetic - Can go through long distance Supports multiple media Eg: Free space/Copper/Fiber etc..

8. Engr Auyon:engrauyon@yahoo.com Electromagnetic Wave In electromagnetic wave electrical and magnetic fields vary harmonically Harmonic oscillations at atomic level gives oscillating electric field Electromagnetic wave generation

9. Engr Auyon:engrauyon@yahoo.com Relation between electric and magnetic field Changing electric field gives rise to changing magnetic field & vise versa (Perpendicular) So in electromagnetic wave electric and magnetic fields oscillate perpendicular to each other and electromagnetic energy transmits perpendicular to both

10. Engr Auyon:engrauyon@yahoo.com Figure of a wave Wavelength = distance travelled in one cycle( ) Frequency = Number of cycles per second( ) Velocity(v) = x

11. Engr Auyon:engrauyon@yahoo.com Velocity of all the electromagnetic wave is same, 3 x 10 8 m/s Electro Magnetic Spectrum

12. Engr Auyon:engrauyon@yahoo.com Block Diagram of a Telecommunication System

13. Engr Auyon:engrauyon@yahoo.com What is the other thing required apart from carrier for transmitting signals over longer distances?? Some medium for carrying signals from transmitter to the receiver Media…..

14. Engr Auyon:engrauyon@yahoo.com Different types of media used for transmitting signals…. Wired : Twisted Pair Co-axial cable Optical fiber Wireless(Free space/air):Microwave Satellite Rx MEDIA Tx Carrier

15. Engr Auyon:engrauyon@yahoo.com Twisted Pair

16. Engr Auyon:engrauyon@yahoo.com  Twisted pair is made of two copper wires which are covered by plastics or materials that are similar  The insulated wires are twisted to form the communication line,the purpose of twisting the wires is to avoid electrical interference  Twisted pair can be combined into a cable that may consist of two,four,fifty or hundreds of pairs  Twisted pair is the basis of transmission media(Telephone) Twisted Pair

17. Engr Auyon:engrauyon@yahoo.com Coaxial Cable

18. Engr Auyon:engrauyon@yahoo.com  Coaxial cable contains two conductors which are insulated from one another  The inner conductor is covered by the dielectric and the outer conductor is covered by a shield  Coaxial cable has many applications,for instance cable TV,local networks,short run computer system links and long distance telephone transmission  In local network coaxial cable can support different type of traffic and data  By using FDM,it can carry more than 10,000 channels at a time Coaxial Cable

19. Engr Auyon:engrauyon@yahoo.com Optic Fiber

20. Engr Auyon:engrauyon@yahoo.com Optic Fiber(Physical Appearance)

21. Engr Auyon:engrauyon@yahoo.com Optic fiber is made up of 3 parts : Core,Cladding and jacket  The inner most part is the core which contains one or more thin fibers that are made up of plastic or glass  Each of the fiber in the core is covered by a cladding which has different optical properties from the core  The outer most part of the optical fiber is made up of plastic or other materials,which is called the jacket Optic Fiber

22. Engr Auyon:engrauyon@yahoo.com  Because of greater performance and higher data rate,the application of optic fiber has dramatically increased in long distance communication and military applications Optic Fiber

23. Engr Auyon:engrauyon@yahoo.com Microwave

24. Microwave  In terrestrial microwave transmission a pair of towers mounted on top of the towers will transmit signals through air  Microwave antennas are equipped in higher place in order to achieve better transmission effect  Voice transmission,television transmission and the short point to point links will be the major application of microwave transmission

25. Engr Auyon:engrauyon@yahoo.com Satellite Communication

26. Engr Auyon:engrauyon@yahoo.com Satellite  A satellite consists of several transponders which receive signal from one frequency band,this action is called uplink  The satellite will amplify or repeat the signal to other frequency band,this action is called downlink  A satellite link is called a microwave link  The most application of satellite communication will be long distance telephone transmission  Private business networks and television distribution

27. Engr Auyon:engrauyon@yahoo.com Comparison of Twisted Pair,Coaxial Cable and Optic fiber Twisted Pair Coaxial Cable Optic Fiber Data Rate/ Bandwidth 4Mbps500MbpsUpto 100Gbps Repeater Spacing1-10Km 10-100Km ElectromagnetismAffected Not affected

28. Engr Auyon:engrauyon@yahoo.com Comparison of Satellite and Optic Fiber Optic FiberSatellite ReconfigurationNot possiblePossible BandwidthPracticallyupto 10GHz 36-72MHz Weather ConditionAffected by stormNot affected by storm Electromagnetic Interference Not affectedAffected