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Chapter 12 Preserving Aquatic Biodiversity
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Marine biodiversity Marine biodiversity is higher in coral reefs and estuaries because of more habitats and nutrients. 3.5 billion people depend on the sea for their primary source of food. food antibiotics coral is used to reconstruct bones Anticancer drugs
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Invasive Water Hyacinths
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Great Pacific Trash Vortex
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In Wisconsin an invasive is a common carp
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Case Study: Industrial Fish Harvesting Methods
Trawler fishing-catch fish that live near the ocean floor such as shrimp, cod and flounder disturbs the ocean floor Purse-seine fishing - huge net to catch tuna may also snare dolphins Longlining- some of these lines may be as long as 80 miles may catch unwanted (BY CATCH) fish and endangered species Drift-net fishing_(gill net)--- catches the fish by the gills may catch unwanted fish and also result in overfishing of an area
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Marine life zones Open ocean (pelagic zone) estuary abyssal zone
Coral reefs bathyal zone
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Deep sea aquaculture cage
Fish farming in cage Trawler fishing Sonar Spotter airplane Purse-seine fishing Drift-net fishing Float Buoy Fish caught by gills Long line fishing lines with hooks Figure 11.7 Major commercial fishing methods used to harvest various marine species. These methods have become so effective that many fish species have become commercially extinct. Deep sea aquaculture cage Stepped Art Fig. 11-7, p. 256
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Natural Capital Degradation: Area of Ocean Bottom Before and After a Trawler
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Hawaiian Monk Seal Plastics tend to tangle and snarl wildlife
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An Endangered Leatherback Turtle is Entangled in a Fishing Net
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Bycatch- usually smaller fish that are caught as a consequence of catching larger fish
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Legal Protection of Some Endangered and Threatened Marine Species
Why is it hard to protect marine biodiversity? Human ecological footprint and fishprint are expanding Much of the damage in the ocean is not visible The oceans are incorrectly viewed as an inexhaustible resource Most of the ocean lies outside the legal jurisdiction of any country
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EVERGLADES River of Grass”: south Florida, U.S. Since 1948: damaged
Drained Diverted Paved over Nutrient pollution from agriculture Invasive plant species 1947: Everglades National Park unsuccessful protection project
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Natural Capital Restoration: Wetland Restoration in Canada
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Limited recreation and walkways Most suitable for development
Ocean Beach Primary Dune Trough Secondary Dune Back Dune Bay or Lagoon Recreation, no building Walkways, no building Limited recreation and walkways Walkways, no building Most suitable for development Recreation Bay shore Grasses or shrubs Taller shrubs Figure 8.10 Primary and secondary dunes on gently sloping sandy barrier beaches help protect land from erosion by the sea. The roots of grasses that colonize the dunes hold the sand in place. Ideally, construction is allowed only behind the second strip of dunes, and walkways to the ocean beach are built so as not to damage the dunes. This helps to preserve barrier beaches and to protect buildings from damage by wind, high tides, beach erosion, and flooding from storm surges. Such protection is rare in some coastal areas because the short-term economic value of oceanfront land is considered much higher than its long-term ecological value. Rising sea levels from global warming may put many barrier beaches under water by the end of this century. Question: Do you think that the long and short-term ecological values of oceanfront dunes outweigh the short-term economic value of removing them for coastal development? Explain. Taller shrubs and trees Fig. 8-10, p. 170
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Chapter 12 Readings (case studies)
Chapter 12 Readings (case studies) p.250 on High Tech Ocean Exploration Page 254 on Industrial Harvesting Methods p.256 on the Florida Manatee p. 259 on the Blue whale p. 263 on restoring a wetland
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FUN REVIEW People 1. John ____________Society? 2. __________ Carson
3. Wrote the “Jungle” which exposed conditions in the US meat packing industry. 4. First “big” environmental president.
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PLACES 5. 1986 Nuclear accident city
6. _____________ aquifer in the United States mid west. 7. Volcanic eruption in the state of Washington in 1980. 8. _______ mile island 9. A river in the western United States that is having very reduced flow. Hint: it bears a states name. 10. City in the country of India of 1984 methyl isocyanate release___________
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Legal Write out the FULL name of these legal abbreviations
11. CITES 12. MMPA of 1972 13. U.S. ESA of 1973 14. SMCRA
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Names for groups of mammals These are not in the book.
15. baboons 16. oxen 17. rhinoceri 18. moose 19. elks 20. lions 21. camels
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Speeding up recovery of damaged ecosystems
14__________________ ecosystems may include sinking old tires or creating a wetland to reduce flooding. 15. ____________trying to return a particular degraded habitat to a condition close to its natural state.
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